Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the total cohort (N=24,192)
| Baseline characteristics | Total cohort N=24,192 |
|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |
| Mean age, mean (SD) | 58.9 (11.5) |
| Age group, n (%) | |
| <40 | 1,013 (4.2) |
| [40–49] | 3,574 (14.8) |
| [50–59] | 9,105 (37.6) |
| [60–69] | 5,735 (23.7) |
| ≥70 | 4,765 (19.7) |
| Female, n (%) | 11,976 (49.5) |
| Retired, n (%) | 16,833 (69.6) |
| Index insulin source, n (%) | |
| Human insulin | 12,547 (51.9) |
| Insulin analog | 9,461 (39.1) |
| Animal-derived insulin | 2,184 (9.0) |
| Index insulin action profile, n (%) | |
| Prandial insulin | 2,628 (10.9) |
| Basal insulin | 2,865 (11.8) |
| Premixed insulin | 18,699 (77.3) |
| Index insulin administration, n (%) | |
| Vials and syringes | 2,606 (10.8) |
| Pens | 21,586 (89.2) |
| Count of A1c tests, mean (SD) | 0.34 (0.64) |
| Any claims-based hypoglycemic events, n (%) | 191 (0.8) |
| Comorbidities and complications, n (%) | |
| CCI, mean (SD) | 1.98 (1.44) |
| Hypertension | 12,039 (49.8) |
| Dyslipidemia | 6,340 (26.2) |
| Retinopathy | 4,057 (16.8) |
| Neuropathy | 5,579 (23.1) |
| Nephropathy | 4,167 (17.2) |
| Count of unique OAD drug classes, mean (SD) | 2.22 (1.30) |
| Metformin | 10,190 (42.1) |
| Sulfonylureas | 8,268 (34.2) |
| Meglitinides | 12,551 (51.9) |
| Thiazolidinediones | 6,458 (26.7) |
| α-Glucosidase inhibitors | 16,324 (67.5) |
| Any hospitalizations, n (%) | 5,477 (22.6) |
| Direct medical cost ($), mean (SD) | 845 (1,493) |
Abbreviations: SD, standard deviation; CCI, Charlson Comorbidity Index; OAD, oral antidiabetic medication.