Table I.
Patient characteristics
| Variables | Total preoperative cohort (N = 74,835) |
Less optimal MMa (n = 30,428) |
Optimal MMb (n = 44,407) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), years | 69.3 (10.4) | 69.3 (11.3) | 69.2 (9.8) | .24 |
| Male, % | 64 | 62 | 65 | <.001 |
| Race, % | <.001 | |||
| Hispanic | 4 | 4 | 3 | <.001 |
| White | 89 | 87 | 90 | |
| American Indian | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | |
| Asian | 0.6 | 1 | 1 | |
| Black | 8 | 9 | 7 | |
| Native Hawaiian | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| >1 race | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | |
| Unknown | 2 | 3 | 2 | |
| Any smoking history, % | 81 | 80 | 81 | <.001 |
| Smoking, % | <.001 | |||
| Never | 19 | 20 | 19 | |
| Prior (>12 months ago) | 46 | 42 | 48 | |
| Current | 35 | 38 | 33 | |
| Hypertension, % | 87 | 82 | 90 | <.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus, % | <.001 | |||
| None | 63 | 67 | 61 | |
| Diet | 4 | 4 | 4 | |
| Oral medication | 17 | 14 | 18 | |
| Insulin | 15 | 15 | 16 | |
| CAD, % | <.001 | |||
| None | 71 | 78 | 65 | |
| History of MI | 19 | 14 | 22 | |
| Stable angina | 9 | 6 | 10 | |
| Unstable angina or MI | 2 | 1 | 3 | |
| Prior coronary revascularization, % | 34 | 24 | 42 | <.001 |
| Any CHF, % | 12 | 11 | 12 | <.001 |
| Any COPD, % | 24 | 24 | 24 | .308 |
| Dialysis, % | <.001 | |||
| No | 97 | 96 | 97 | |
| Transplant | 0 | 0.5 | 0.5 | |
| On dialysis | 3 | 4 | 2 | |
| Creatinine >1.8 mg/dL | 6 | 6 | 6 | .677 |
| All stress test, % | <.001 | |||
| Not done | 67 | 70 | 65 | |
| Normal | 24 | 23 | 25 | |
| Abnormal | 9 | 6 | 10 | |
| Living at home, % | 98 | 97 | 98 | <.001 |
| ASA, % | <.001 | |||
| 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | |
| 2 | 16 | 17 | 15 | |
| 3 | 69 | 68 | 70 | |
| 4 | 13 | 14 | 13 | |
| 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| History of | ||||
| Bypass, % | 10 | 10 | 11 | <.001 |
| CEA, % | 9 | 7 | 11 | <.001 |
| AAA repair, % | 3 | 3 | 3 | .832 |
| PTA/stent, % | 18 | 16 | 19 | <.001 |
| Major amputation, % | 2 | 2 | 2 | <.001 |
| Preoperative ACEi, % | 49 | 40 | 55 | <.001 |
| Intolerant/noncompliant | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
| Chronic anticoagulation, % | 10 | 13 | 9 | <.001 |
| β-Blockers, % | <.001 | |||
| None | 37 | 47 | 31 | |
| Perioperative | 6 | 6 | 7 | |
| Chronic | 53 | 44 | 59 | |
| Intolerant/noncompliant | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Operative day only | 2 | 2 | 2 |
AAA, Abdominal aortic aneurysm; ASA, American Society of Anesthesiologists; ACEi, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; CAD, coronary artery disease; CEA, carotid endarterectomy; CHF, congestive heart failure; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; MI, myocardial infarction; MM, medical management; PTA, percutaneous transluminal angioplasty; SD, standard deviation.
a
Less optimal MM: failure to be on both medication preoperatively and at discharge.
b
Optimal MM: antiplatelet and statin medication preoperatively and at discharge.