Table 4. Four-trait meta-analysis of lipid traits in European studies using Het-F based on Pillai-Bartlett trace.

		P-values of the Het-F
		Basis of both GVF and βℓ(t)		Basis of beta-smooth only
Traits	Gene	B-spline basis	Fourier basis	B-spline basis	Fourier basis	Additive model (9)
HDL, LDL, TG, CHOL	APOB	7.23 × 10−13	1.66 × 10−11	7.62 × 10−8	3.28 × 10−9	5.26 × 10−15
	APOE	7.45 × 10−74	3.26 × 10−72	4.64 × 10−67	1.61 × 10−69	3.18 × 10−68
	CDC123	4.12 × 10−5	0.000519	5.53 × 10−7	3.87 × 10−7	0.016618
	CDKAL1	2.37 × 10−8	2.66 × 10−9	5.03 × 10−9	8.06 × 10−10	0.000182
	FTO	1.73 × 10−9	2.29 × 10−6	2.77 × 10−6	2.88 × 10−5	3.83 × 10−6
	HMGA2	1.92 × 10−5	4.07 × 10−5	6.97 × 10−6	1.34 × 10−6	2.99 × 10−8
	HNF1A	4.40 × 10−14	9.32 × 10−10	2.99 × 10−10	5.91 × 10−12	2.05 × 10−10
	IDE	7.57 × 10−6	1.92 × 10−6	5.52 × 10−7	2.29 × 10−6	0.057381
	KCNQ1	8.64 × 10−7	2.16 × 10−7	0.000121	4.23 × 10−5	1.85 × 10−5
	KIF11	4.54 × 10−7	3.00 × 10−5	4.33 × 10−6	2.50 × 10−6	0.000326
	LDLR	6.34 × 10−7	7.06 × 10−7	3.60 × 10−7	2.02 × 10−7	3.96 × 10−7
	LPL	3.62 × 10−9	3.71 × 10−8	9.08 × 10−9	2.48 × 10−11	1.11 × 10−5
	OASL	1.11 × 10−10	1.64 × 10−8	3.87 × 10−9	1.88 × 10−7	6.23 × 10−7
	PCSK9	7.64 × 10−10	3.82 × 10−11	2.57 × 10−11	1.37 × 10−10	5.53 × 10−10
	TSPAN8	8.05 × 10−13	9.58 × 10−15	2.03 × 10−13	6.01 × 10−15	3.48 × 10−13

Abbreviations: GVF, genetic variant function; Het-F, heterogeneous F-approximation test statistics.

The associations that attain a threshold significance of P<3.1 × 10⁻⁶ are highlighted in bold.⁵ The results of ‘basis of Both GVF and βℓ(t)' were based on smoothing both GVF and genetic effect functions βℓ(t) of model (4), the results of ‘basis of beta-smooth only' were based on smoothing βℓ(t) only approach of model (7), and the results of ‘additive model (9)' were based on the additive effect model (9).