Table 1.
Individual, household, and community characteristics of 11,009 children aged 6 to 15 years by community proportion of households with latrines in use in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2011–2014
| % Households with latrines in use | 0– < 20% | 20– < 40% | 40– < 60% | 60– < 80% | 80–100% | Total | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean (%) | 95% CI | Mean (%) | 95% CI | Mean (%) | 95% CI | Mean (%) | 95% CI | Mean (%) | 95% CI | Mean (%) | 95% CI | P a | |
| Children, aged 6–15 years (n) | 2472 | 1837 | 2202 | 2467 | 2031 | 11,009 | ||||||||
| Communities (n) | 137 | 97 | 109 | 125 | 108 | 576 | ||||||||
| Hookworm | 11,009 | 0.24 | 0.20–0.29 | 0.18 | 0.13–0.24 | 0.20 | 0.16–0.26 | 0.23 | 0.18–0.28 | 0.24 | 0.19–0.30 | 0.22 | 0.20–0.24 | 0.47 |
| T. trichiura | 11,009 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03 | 0.01–0.06 | 0.04 | 0.03–0.06 | 0.06 | 0.04–0.09 | 0.07 | 0.05–0.10 | 0.04 | 0.04–0.05 | 0.01 |
| A. lumbricoides | 11,009 | 0.10 | 0.07–0.13 | 0.16 | 0.12–0.21 | 0.14 | 0.11–0.18 | 0.16 | 0.12–0.20 | 0.17 | 0.13–0.20 | 0.14 | 0.13–0.16 | 0.04 |
| Age, years | 10,961 | 9.68 | 9.53–9.82 | 10.02 | 9.86–10.17 | 10.08 | 9.93–10.23 | 10.12 | 9.98–10.26 | 10.28 | 10.10–10.46 | 10.02 | 9.96–10.09 | <0.01 |
| Male sex | 11,000 | 0.48 | 0.46–0.51 | 0.49 | 0.46–0.52 | 0.50 | 0.47–0.52 | 0.48 | 0.46–0.51 | 0.45 | 0.42–0.47 | 0.48 | 0.47–0.49 | 0.09 |
| Reported usually attending school | 10,833 | 0.65 | 0.61–0.69 | 0.72 | 0.66–0.76 | 0.80 | 0.76–0.83 | 0.79 | 0.76–0.82 | 0.85 | 0.82–0.87 | 0.76 | 0.74–0.78 | <0.01 |
| Reported always wearing shoes (2011) | 1029 | 0.06 | 0.01–0.19 | 0.02 | 0.00–0.08 | 0.10 | 0.02–0.39 | 0.04 | 0.01–0.14 | 0.30 | 0.14–0.53 | 0.09 | 0.05–0.17 | <0.01 |
| Any observed shoes (No 2011) | 9795 | 0.46 | 0.40–0.52 | 0.57 | 0.49–0.66 | 0.51 | 0.43–0.59 | 0.43 | 0.36–0.50 | 0.48 | 0.40–0.55 | 0.48 | 0.46–0.51 | 0.13 |
| Any reported or observed shoes (All) | 10,824 | 0.42 | 0.37–0.47 | 0.52 | 0.44–0.60 | 0.49 | 0.42–0.57 | 0.41 | 0.35–0.48 | 0.47 | 0.40–0.54 | 0.46 | 0.44–0.48 | 0.18 |
| Anthelmintics in past year (2011) | 1016 | 0.09 | 0.05–0.18 | 0.06 | 0.02–0.15 | 0.16 | 0.05–0.43 | 0.12 | 0.06–0.23 | 0.27 | 0.14–0.44 | 0.13 | 0.09–0.18 | 0.06 |
| Anthelmintics in past year (No 2011) | 9224 | 0.17 | 0.12–0.22 | 0.17 | 0.12–0.23 | 0.14 | 0.11–0.18 | 0.21 | 0.16–0.26 | 0.20 | 0.15–0.26 | 0.18 | 0.16–0.20 | 0.28 |
| Anthelmintics in past year (All) | 10,240 | 0.16 | 0.12–0.21 | 0.16 | 0.11–0.21 | 0.14 | 0.11–0.18 | 0.20 | 0.16–0.26 | 0.21 | 0.16–0.27 | 0.17 | 0.15–0.20 | 0.19 |
| Reported always use latrine (2011) | 1026 | 0.05 | 0.02–0.12 | 0.18 | 0.11–0.28 | 0.41 | 0.23–0.61 | 0.58 | 0.42–0.73 | 0.92 | 0.81–0.97 | 0.36 | 0.27–0.46 | <0.01 |
| Reported last use of latrine (No 2011) | 9643 | 0.10 | 0.08–0.13 | 0.37 | 0.32–0.42 | 0.56 | 0.52–0.60 | 0.77 | 0.73–0.80 | 0.88 | 0.84–0.91 | 0.54 | 0.51–0.57 | <0.01 |
| Reported use of latrine (All) | 10,669 | 0.10 | 0.08–0.12 | 0.35 | 0.30–0.40 | 0.55 | 0.51–0.59 | 0.76 | 0.72–0.79 | 0.88 | 0.85–0.91 | 0.53 | 0.50–0.55 | <0.01 |
| Worms in past year | 10,251 | 0.34 | 0.29–0.39 | 0.35 | 0.29–0.42 | 0.33 | 0.27–0.39 | 0.36 | 0.32–0.41 | 0.37 | 0.31–0.43 | 0.35 | 0.32–0.37 | 0.85 |
| Household owns latrine | 10,986 | 0.13 | 0.11–0.16 | 0.43 | 0.39–0.46 | 0.63 | 0.60–0.65 | 0.81 | 0.79–0.82 | 0.95 | 0.94–0.96 | 0.59 | 0.56–0.61 | <0.01 |
| Household owns latrine in use | 10,963 | 0.09 | 0.07–0.11 | 0.37 | 0.35–0.39 | 0.57 | 0.55–0.59 | 0.77 | 0.75–0.78 | 0.93 | 0.92–0.95 | 0.54 | 0.52–0.57 | <0.01 |
| Bathing water access < 30 min | 10,769 | 0.49 | 0.41–0.56 | 0.57 | 0.48–0.65 | 0.62 | 0.53–0.70 | 0.71 | 0.64–0.78 | 0.68 | 0.59–0.75 | 0.61 | 0.58–0.65 | <0.01 |
| Improved drinking water source | 10,792 | 0.38 | 0.30–0.46 | 0.53 | 0.42–0.63 | 0.56 | 0.46–0.64 | 0.55 | 0.46–0.63 | 0.63 | 0.54–0.72 | 0.52 | 0.48–0.56 | <0.01 |
| Household has | ||||||||||||||
| Radio | 10,770 | 0.12 | 0.09–0.14 | 0.14 | 0.10–0.20 | 0.21 | 0.17–0.25 | 0.23 | 0.19–0.26 | 0.25 | 0.21–0.31 | 0.19 | 0.17–0.21 | <0.01 |
| TV | 10,772 | 0.00 | 0.00–0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.04 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.08 | 0.09 | 0.06–0.14 | 0.04 | 0.03–0.05 | <0.01 |
| Electricity | 10,766 | 0.01 | 0.00–0.03 | 0.07 | 0.03–0.15 | 0.08 | 0.04–0.14 | 0.19 | 0.13–0.27 | 0.22 | 0.15–0.30 | 0.11 | 0.09–0.14 | <0.01 |
| Mobile phone | 10,766 | 0.16 | 0.13–0.21 | 0.24 | 0.19–0.30 | 0.30 | 0.26–0.35 | 0.28 | 0.23–0.34 | 0.32 | 0.27–0.38 | 0.26 | 0.24–0.28 | <0.01 |
| Iron roof | 10,783 | 0.45 | 0.40–0.51 | 0.57 | 0.49–0.65 | 0.68 | 0.62–0.74 | 0.76 | 0.70–0.80 | 0.75 | 0.69–0.81 | 0.64 | 0.62–0.67 | <0.01 |
| Highest education of an adult | 10,774 | <0.01 | ||||||||||||
| None | 0.53 | 0.47–0.58 | 0.49 | 0.42–0.56 | 0.42 | 0.37–0.49 | 0.39 | 0.34–0.43 | 0.36 | 0.30–0.43 | 0.44 | 0.41–0.46 | ||
| Religious | 0.03 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.03 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.03 | 0.03–0.04 | ||
| Primary school | 0.20 | 0.17–0.25 | 0.14 | 0.11–0.18 | 0.19 | 0.15–0.23 | 0.19 | 0.15–0.23 | 0.22 | 0.17–0.27 | 0.19 | 0.17–0.21 | ||
| Junior secondary | 0.15 | 0.12–0.17 | 0.21 | 0.17–0.25 | 0.21 | 0.18–0.24 | 0.19 | 0.17–0.22 | 0.21 | 0.18–0.26 | 0.19 | 0.18–0.20 | ||
| Senior secondary | 0.03 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05–0.09 | 0.10 | 0.08–0.12 | 0.12 | 0.10–0.14 | 0.12 | 0.09–0.15 | 0.09 | 0.08–0.10 | ||
| College/University | 0.00 | 0.00–0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.03 | 0.01 | 0.01–0.02 | 0.02 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.04 | 0.02 | 0.01–0.02 | ||
| Non-formal education | 0.05 | 0.04–0.08 | 0.06 | 0.04–0.09 | 0.04 | 0.03–0.05 | 0.05 | 0.03–0.07 | 0.03 | 0.02–0.05 | 0.05 | 0.04–0.05 | ||
| Mean total of wealth indicators per household | 576 | 0.68 | 0.59–0.76 | 0.92 | 0.78–1.07 | 1.23 | 1.08–1.37 | 1.45 | 1.28–1.61 | 1.67 | 1.47–1.87 | 1.19 | 1.12–1.26 | <0.01 |
| Population density (km−2) | 574 | 451 | 206–695 | 414 | 198–629 | 405 | 237–573 | 1013 | 544–1481 | 1459 | 896–2023 | 764 | 596–933 | <0.01 |
| Has a health facility | 553 | 0.08 | 0.04–0.14 | 0.19 | 0.12–0.29 | 0.23 | 0.16–0.33 | 0.18 | 0.12–0.26 | 0.30 | 0.21–0.40 | 0.19 | 0.16–0.23 | <0.01 |
| Elevation (m) | 575 | 2043 | 1962–2124 | 2259 | 2140–2379 | 2263 | 2178–2348 | 2359 | 2250–2468 | 2317 | 2220–2415 | 2244 | 2215–2273 | <0.01 |
| Soil moisture (m3/m3) | 575 | 0.25 | 0.24–0.26 | 0.26 | 0.25–0.27 | 0.26 | 0.25–0.28 | 0.29 | 0.28–0.29 | 0.29 | 0.28–0.30 | 0.27 | 0.27–0.27 | <0.01 |
Abbreviation: CI confidence interval
a P-values from Wald adjusted F-test for categorical variables or ANOVA F-test for difference in continuous means