Table 2.
Association of infection with hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides with community proportion of households with latrines in use and household ownership of latrine in use among children aged 6 to 15 years in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2011–2014
| Infection | Sanitation measure | Crudea | DAG-basedb | Fullc | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | aPR | 95% CI | |||
| Hookworm | Community | ≥ 80% | 0.80 | 0.54–1.18 | 1.21 | 0.82–1.80 | 1.19 | 0.81–1.77 |
| % Households with latrines in use per cluster | 60– < 80% | 0.67 | 0.46–0.98 | 1.05 | 0.70–1.56 | 1.03 | 0.70–1.52 | |
| 40– < 60% | 0.77 | 0.51–1.16 | 1.01 | 0.69–1.50 | 0.99 | 0.68–1.44 | ||
| 20– < 40% | 0.69 | 0.46–1.03 | 0.88 | 0.59–1.32 | 0.87 | 0.59–1.29 | ||
| < 20% | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Household | ||||||||
| Latrine in use | – | – | – | – | 1.00 | 0.91–1.08 | ||
| No latrine in use | – | – | – | – | Ref | |||
| T. trichiura | Community | ≥ 80% | 4.12 | 1.80–9.42 | 3.56 | 1.39–9.14 | 3.70 | 1.40–9.76 |
| % Households with latrines in use per cluster | 60– < 80% | 2.82 | 1.23–6.48 | 2.50 | 1.01–6.21 | 2.50 | 1.02–6.14 | |
| 40– < 60% | 2.08 | 0.96–4.53 | 2.01 | 0.90–4.49 | 2.10 | 0.95–4.63 | ||
| 20– < 40% | 0.91 | 0.39–2.12 | 0.89 | 0.38–2.08 | 0.89 | 0.39–2.05 | ||
| < 20% | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Household | ||||||||
| Latrine in use | – | – | – | – | 0.93 | 0.78–1.11 | ||
| No latrine in use | – | – | – | – | Ref | |||
| A. lumbricoides | Community | ≥ 80% | 2.48 | 1.58–3.90 | 2.33 | 1.42–3.84 | 2.35 | 1.37–4.01 |
| % Households with latrines in use per cluster | 60– < 80% | 2.02 | 1.28–3.19 | 1.81 | 1.12–2.92 | 1.80 | 1.09–2.98 | |
| 40– < 60% | 1.47 | 0.98–2.21 | 1.45 | 0.98–2.16 | 1.44 | 0.95–2.16 | ||
| 20– < 40% | 1.62 | 1.02–2.58 | 1.49 | 1.01–2.20 | 1.47 | 0.99–2.18 | ||
| < 20% | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
| Household | ||||||||
| Latrine in use | – | – | – | – | 1.01 | 0.89–1.14 | ||
| No latrine in use | – | – | – | – | Ref | |||
Models for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris included data on 9818 children in 574 communities. Models for hookworm included data on 9812 children in 574 communities
Abbreviations: aPR adjusted prevalence ratio, CI confidence interval. Results weighted to account for unequal probabilities of selection
aCrude model only controlled for survey round
bDAG-based model was adjusted for elevation; population density; community mean total of wealth indicators per household; soil moisture; and survey round
cFull model for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris adjusted for age; sex; anthelmintic treatment; bathing water source < 30 min; improved drinking water source; household owns: radio, television, mobile phone, iron roof, and has access to electricity; household education; elevation; soil moisture; community mean total of wealth indicators per household; population density; and survey round. Full model for hookworm adjusted for the same covariates in addition to shoe wearing.