Table 3.
Association of hookworm, Trichuris trichiura and Ascaris lumbricoides with community sanitation usage by household latrine use among children aged 6 to 15 years in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2011–2014
| % Households with latrines in use per cluster | Community sanitation by household sanitation | Joint association | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Latrine in use | No latrine in use | Latrine in use | Household sanitation by community sanitation | ||||||||
| Infection | +/− | PR | 95% CI | +/− | PR | 95% CI | PR | 95% CI | PRa | 95% CI | |
| Hookworm | ≥ 80% | 335/1315 | 1.15 | 0.68–1.96 | 23/93 | 1.22 | 0.80–1.87 | 1.19 | 0.81–1.75 | 0.98 | 0.77–1.24 |
| 60– < 80% | 300/1316 | 1.03 | 0.61–1.73 | 90/448 | 0.91 | 0.60–1.38 | 1.06 | 0.72–1.56 | 1.16 | 0.97–1.40 | |
| 40– < 60% | 181/956 | 0.91 | 0.54–1.52 | 180/698 | 1.05 | 0.73–1.52 | 0.94 | 0.64–1.38 | 0.89 | 0.80–1.00 | |
| 20– < 40% | 81/514 | 0.82 | 0.48–1.38 | 149/891 | 0.89 | 0.60–1.32 | 0.84 | 0.56–1.28 | 0.95 | 0.78–1.16 | |
| P interaction = 0.15 | < 20% | 33/154 | Ref | 445/1610 | Ref | 1.03 | 0.76–1.41 | 1.03 | 0.76–1.41 | ||
| T. trichiura | ≥ 80% | 123/1527 | 3.30 | 0.99–11.02 | 9/107 | 2.60 | 0.81–8.30 | 3.59 | 1.42–9.08 | 1.38 | 0.88–2.17 |
| 60– < 80% | 93/1525 | 2.08 | 0.68–6.32 | 34/504 | 2.90 | 1.20–7.03 | 2.26 | 0.90–5.65 | 0.78 | 0.56–1.08 | |
| 40– < 60% | 52/1085 | 1.85 | 0.66–5.22 | 42/836 | 2.09 | 0.91–4.79 | 2.02 | 0.90–4.49 | 0.97 | 0.70–1.33 | |
| 20– < 40% | 13/583 | 0.78 | 0.25–2.38 | 28/1012 | 0.90 | 0.39–2.05 | 0.85 | 0.33–2.19 | 0.94 | 0.60–1.46 | |
| P interaction = 0.40 | < 20% | 7/180 | Ref | 48/2010 | Ref | 1.09 | 0.49–2.40 | 1.09 | 0.49–2.40 | ||
| A. lumbricoides | ≥ 80% | 256/1394 | 1.68 | 0.93–3.06 | 30/86 | 3.92 | 2.11–7.27 | 2.36 | 1.45–3.85 | 0.60 | 0.44–0.81 |
| 60– < 80% | 255/1363 | 1.31 | 0.74–2.34 | 89/449 | 2.03 | 1.24–3.33 | 1.84 | 1.14–2.98 | 0.91 | 0.76–1.08 | |
| 40– < 60% | 173/964 | 1.12 | 0.67–1.87 | 124/754 | 1.41 | 0.90–2.19 | 1.57 | 1.05–2.34 | 1.11 | 0.85–1.47 | |
| 20– < 40% | 99/497 | 1.13 | 0.65–1.96 | 166/874 | 1.50 | 1.00–2.25 | 1.58 | 1.06–2.35 | 1.06 | 0.80–1.39 | |
| pinteraction < 0.01 | < 20% | 28/159 | Ref | 188/1870 | Ref | 1.40 | 1.00–1.96 | 1.40 | 1.00–1.96 | ||
Results weighted to account for unequal probabilities of selection. Models for A. lumbricoides and T. trichuris included data on 9818 children in 574 communities and adjusted for age; sex; anthelmintic treatment; bathing water source < 30 min; improved drinking water source; household owns: radio, television, mobile phone, iron roof, and has access to electricity; household education; elevation; soil moisture; community mean total of wealth indicators per household; population density; and survey round. Model for hookworm included data on 9812 children in 574 communities and adjusted for the same covariates in addition to shoe wearing.
Abbreviations: +/−, Number with/without infection, PR prevalence ratio, CI confidence interval
aPR, Prevalence ratio for household latrine in use versus household latrine not in use, within strata of community sanitation usage; pinteraction, Global Wald