Fig. 5.

(a) “Residual” stimulation coefficients as a function of age to calculate the effective vector lengths (VLs) of the protan (red curves), deutan (green curves) and tritan (blue and black curves) vectors on the protan, deutan, and tritan confusion lines. These “residual” stimulations represent excitation of untargeted cone types caused by vector direction errors in the CCT. Functions denote coefficients calculated by the bilinear model of the ocular media density. (Panels P and D) Comparison of protan vector length (panel P) and deutan vector length (panel D) between the mean, +1 and +2 SDs of original protan and deutan vector lengths, as shown in Fig. 3, and the “residual” protan and deutan vector lengths (open symbols) calculated by uncorrected (misdirection) tritan vector length with the bi-linear model (see text for details). Gray circles denote the “residual” vector length data that are longer than the original protan and deutan vector length data for each individual observer.