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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Mar 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acta Biomater. 2016 Dec 1;50:20–40. doi: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.11.070

Table 2.

Urinary tract infection signs and symptoms

Symptoms Signs

  • Fever and chills

  • Leakage (wetness around the catheter)

  • Increased spasms of legs, abdomen or bladder

  • Burning of the urethra, penis or pubic area

  • Nausea and headache

  • Mild low back pain or other aches

  • Sediment (gritty particles) or mucus in the blood or cloudy urine

  • Bad smelling urine (foul odor)

  • Blood in urine (pink or red urine)