Table 1.
Characteristics of HIV-infected women who converted from IGRA-negative at enrollment (32 weeks’ gestation) to IGRA-positive at 12 months postpartum vs. those who remained IGRA-negative
| Characteristics | IGRA-positive (n = 11) n (%) |
IGRA-negative (n = 53) n (%) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Age, years, median [IQR] | 24.0 [24.0–29.0] | 24.0 [21.0–27.0] | 0.13 |
| Ever married | |||
| Yes | 9 (81.8) | 48 (90.6) | 0.59 |
| No | 2 (18.2) | 5 (9.3) | |
| More than primary education (>8 years) | |||
| Yes | 7 (63.6) | 23 (43.4) | 0.32 |
| No | 4 (36.4) | 30 (56.6) | |
| Employed | |||
| Yes | 5 (45.5) | 18 (34.0) | 0.51 |
| No | 6 (54.5) | 35 (66.0) | |
| Living in 1 room | |||
| >1 room | 4 (36.4) | 7 (13.5) | 0.09 |
| 1 room | 7 (63.6) | 45 (86.5) | |
| Number of rooms, median [IQR] | 1.0 (1.0–2.0) | 1.0 (1.0–1.0) | 0.07 |
| Number of people/room, median [IQR] | 4.0 (2.0–4.0) | 2.0 (2.0–4.0) | 0.16 |
| Use of flush toilet | |||
| Flush toilet | 7 (63.6) | 15 (28.3) | 0.04 |
| Pit toilet | 4 (36.4) | 38 (71.7) | |
| Use of shared toilet | |||
| Yes | 9 (81.8) | 47 (88.7) | 0.62 |
| No | 2 (18.2) | 6 (11.3) | |
| Partner HIV testing and status | |||
| Husband tested for HIV | |||
| Yes | 6 (54.6) | 24 (46.1) | 0.30 |
| No | 2 (18.2) | 21 (40.4) | |
| Do not know | 3 (27.3) | 7 (13.5) | |
| Husband HIV-positive | (n = 6) | (n = 24) | |
| Yes | 5 (83.3) | 6 (25.0) | 0.05 |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 7 (29.1) | |
| Do not know | 1 (16.7) | 11 (45.8) | |
| HIV markers at enrollment during pregnancy | |||
| CD4 cell count, cell/mm3, median [IQR] | 406 [221–539] | 407 [308–616] | 0.31 |
| HIV plasma viral load, log10 copies/ml, median [IQR] | 4.65 [3.97–5.36] | 4.80 [4.09–5.26] | 0.78 |
| Maternal illness during year 1 postpartum follow-up | |||
| Average number of visits due to illness over 1 year postpartum, median [IQR]* | 6.4 [4.1–8.6] | 4.0 [3.3–4.7] | 0.008 |
| Hospitalization | |||
| Yes | 1 (9.1) | 4 (7.6) | 1.0 |
| No | 10 (90.9) | 49 (92.5) | |
| Clinical diagnosis of pneumonia | |||
| Yes | 1 (9.1) | 2 (3.8) | 0.44 |
| No | 10 (90.9) | 51 (96.2) | |
| Clinical diagnosis of URTI | |||
| Yes | 10 (90.9) | 34 (64.2) | 0.15 |
| No | 1 (9.1) | 19 (35.8) | |
| Self-report of fever | |||
| Yes | 4 (36.4) | 20 (37.7) | 1.0 |
| No | 7 (63.6) | 33 (62.3) | |
| Self-report of cough | |||
| Yes | 11 (100.0) | 37 (69.8) | 0.05 |
| No | 0 (0.0) | 16 (30.2) | |
| HIV progression markers | |||
| Change in CD4 over 1 year postpartum from delivery, cell/mm3, mean (95%CI)† | −7.1 (−16.2 to 2.0) | −8.7 (−14.0 to 3.5) | 0.78 |
| CD4 count at month 12 postpartum, cell/mm3, median [IQR] | 287.5 [190.0–683.0] | 410.0 [277.5–594.0] | 0.31 |
| CD4 % at month 12 postpartum, median [IQR] | 18.5 [16.0–27.0] | 20.0 [14.0–27.0] | 0.95 |
| Change in HIV plasma viral load over 1 year postpartum from delivery, log10 copies/ml, mean (95%CI)† | 0.03 (−0.1–0.1) | −0.02 (−0.1–0.1) | 0.48 |
| HIV plasma viral load at month 12 postpartum, log10 copies/ml, median [IQR] | 4.6 [4.4–5.1] | 4.6 [4.1–5.1] | 0.98 |
*
Study visit where an indicator for maternal illness has been recorded as yes.
†
Change in CD4 cell count and HIV plasma viral load between delivery and 1 year postpartum was calculated using paired t-tests.
HIV = human immunodeficiency virus; IGRA = interferon-gamma release assay; IQR = interquartile range; URTI = upper respiratory tract infection; CI = confidence interval.