Table 1.
Frequent epigenetic marks which are deregulated in cancers
| Deregulated mark | Change in cancer | Modifier | Associated with | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA methylation | Regional hypermethylation | DNMT1, DNMT3, UHRF1a | Gene repression | Herman et al. (1995) [98], Ai et al. (2006) [40], Bae et al. (2004) [41], Kornegoo et al. (2012) [99], Roll et al. (2013) [43], Zou et al. (2009) [100] |
| Global hypomethylation | Genomic instability | Bedford and van Helden (1987) [101], Cadieux et al. (2006) [102], Feinberg and Vogelstein (1983) [74], Fraga et al. (2005) [103], Mudbhary et al. (2014) [5], Rauch et al. (2008) [104] | ||
| Activation of retrotransposons | Jackson-Grusby et al. (2001) [105], Howard et al. (2007) [106], Minoguchi and Iba (2008) [107] | |||
| H3K9me3 | Hypermethylation | G9a, SETDB1, SUV39H1 | Increased gene repression | Frigola et al. (2006) [108], Nguyen et al. (2002) [109] |
| H3k27me2–me3 | Hypermethylation | EZH1, EZH2 | DNA hypermethylation | Chinaranagari et al. (2014) [110], Ohm et al. (2007) [111], Popovic et al. (2014) [112], Schlesinger et al. (2007) [113] |
| H3K4me3 | Hypomethylation | MLL4 | Gene repression | Kang et al. (2015) [114], Nguyen et al. (2002) [109], Lee et al. (2013) [115] |
List of common epigenetic marks and their analogous regulators are shown in relation to reported changes in chromatin or gene expression resulting from their misregulation
a
Although it does not modify the DNA methylome, UHRF1 is an essential necessary component of the DNMT1 complex