Table 1.

Functional components for preventing chronic disease in garlic, onion, and Chinese chive.

Chronic disease	Alliums	Functional components	Ref.
Anticancer	Garlic	Allicin[diallyl thiosulfinate]; S-allylmercaptocysteine; S-propargyl-L-cysteine; S-benzyl-cysteine; polysulfanes; diallylpolysulfides; allyl mercaptan; Z-ajoene;	[50–62]
	Onion	onionin A; fisetin; diosgenin; quercetin	[63–66]
	Chinese chive	thiosulfinates; tuberoside M	[67, 68]
Preventive cardiovascular diseases	Garlic	Allicin, allyl sulfides; flavonoids; polysulfides;	[69–71]
	Onion	quercetin; flavonoids; furostanol saponins; thiosulfinates	[72–75]
	Chinese chive	Glycosides; amino-styrene-acrylic acids	[76]
Preventive heart diseases	Garlic	S-Propargyl-cysteine; allicin; garlic oil; polysulfides	[27, 77, 78]
	Onion	Quercetin	[79]
Anti-inflammation	Garlic	S-Propargyl-cysteine; allicin; diallyl trisulfide	[27, 80–85]
	Onion	Quercetin-3-O-glucoside	[86]
Antiobesity	Garlic	Diallyl disulfide; S-methyl L-cysteine	[87, 88]
	Onion	S-Methyl L-cysteine; quercetin	[88–91]
Antidiabetes	Garlic	S-Methyl L-cysteine; S-allylcysteine; diallyl disulphide; S-Allyl-mercapto-captopril	[88, 92–94]
	Onion	S-Methylcysteine; flavonoids	[95]
Neuroprotective effects	Garlic	N-α-(1-Deoxy-D-fructos-1-yl)-L-arginine; S-methylcysteine; allicin; S-allylcysteine; S-allyl-L-cysteine; diallyl disulfide; diallyl trisulfide; Z-ajoene	[22, 27, 96–99]
	Onion	Flavonoids; quercetin	[100, 101]
Immunological effects	Garlic	Allyl methyl disulfide	[53]
	Onion	Onion extracts	[102]
Antimicrobial activities	Garlic	Allicin; thiosulfinates; diallyl monosulfide; diallyl disulfide; diallyl trisulfide; diallyl tetrasulfide; ajoene	[20, 103–106]
	Onion	Saponins; Ace-AMP1	[36, 107, 108]