Figure 5.

(a) Waveform applied for dANM studies with mitochondria: The typical dANM U_ac driving (here indicated through U_dc1 and U_dc2 on the left) was combined with a high-frequency AC component U_{ac_high} to obtain the waveform shown on the right. To distinguish the two half driving periods, the potential applied in the first half period is displayed turquoise and that applied in the second half period is red. (b) The stroboscopic image shows the trajectory of a fluorescently labeled mitochondrion in a complete driving period. During the application of U_dc1, the mitochondrion moved in the direction indicated by the turquoise arrows. In the second half period, when U_dc2 + U_{ac_high} was applied, the mitochondrion was trapped at the position pointed at by the red arrow. This resulted in dANM behavior of the mitochondrion since its net migration was to the left, while the average driving force F_av dominated by its electrophoretic mobility pointed to the right. The blue ovals indicate the insulating posts in the channel.