Absolute local normalized helicity comparison between healthy controls and patients for all segments. Volume corresponded to absolute local normalized helicity (LNH) >0.6. Analysis segments corresponded to the full aorta (A) which was further sub-divided on ascending aorta (B), aortic arch (C), and descending aorta (D). Comparison between healthy controls vs. BAV groups was given by a t-test. Outliers, circles, were defined by 1.5 × interquartile range. Extreme values, stars, were defined by 3 × interquartile range.