Table 3.
Outcomes in the postintervention census
| Control group | Intervention group | Intention-to-treat OR (95% CI) | Per-protocol OR (95% CI) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||||
| Met need for family planning among women aged 15–49 years | 3134 (78%) of 4028 | 3439 (82%) of 4184 | 1·31 (1·11–1·53) | 1·37 (1·07–1·75) | ||
| Full immunisation among children aged 12–23 months | 708 (62%) of 1143 | 751 (68%) of 1108 | 1·30 (0·84–2·01) | 1·73 (1·05–2·86) | ||
| Anthropometric wasting in children <5 years | 580 (13%) of 4608 | 530 (12%) of 4570 | 0·92 (0·75–1·12) | 0·88 (0·66–1·18) | ||
| Secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Home births in previous 2 years | 276 (12%) of 2266 | 270 (12%) of 2202 | 1·14 (0·69–1·86) | 1·25 (0·65–2·41) | ||
| Adolescent pregnancies in previous 2 years in women <20 years | 210 (9%) of 2266 | 199 (9%) of 2202 | 0·96 (0·69–1·33) | 0·95 (0·55–1·65) | ||
| Anthropometric stunting in children <5 years | 2105 (46%) of 4610 | 2146 (47%) of 4573 | 1·03 (0·85–1·25) | 1·08 (0·84–1·40) | ||
| Anthropometric underweight in children <5 years | 1766 (38%) of 4610 | 1791 (39%) of 4573 | 1·03 (0·88–1·21) | 1·06 (0·88–1·29) | ||
| Use of ICDS by children aged 0–23 months | 25 (1%) of 2243 | 18 (<1%) of 2177 | 1·16 (0·72–1·89) | 0·89 (0·53–1·51) | ||
| Infant and young child feeding indicators | ||||||
| Early initiation of breastfeeding | 975 (44%) of 2198 | 1005 (47%) of 2146 | 1·10 (0·58–2·07) | 1·11 (0·55–2·25) | ||
| Exclusive breastfeeding (<6 months) | 310 (56%) of 554 | 329 (66%) of 504 | 1·54 (1·02–2·33) | 1·95 (1·02–3·76) | ||
| Continued breastfeeding at 1 year (12–15 months) | 318 (77%) of 411 | 288 (78%) of 368 | 1·05 (0·75–1·48) | 1·58 (0·89–2·82) | ||
| Introduction of solid, semisolid, or soft foods (6–8 months) | 154 (52%) of 297 | 180 (58%) of 308 | 1·27 (0·75–2·15) | 0·91 (0·44–1·88) | ||
| Minimum dietary diversity (6–23 months) | 274 (16%) of 1751 | 374 (22%) of 1718 | 1·48 (1·01–2·17) | 1·54 (0·99–2·39) | ||
| Minimum meal frequency (6–23 months) | 1048 (60%) of 1751 | 1142 (66%) of 1718 | 1·26 (0·91–1·75) | 1·21 (0·83–1·78) | ||
| Minimum acceptable diet (6–23 months) | 160 (9%) of 1751 | 218 (13%) of 1718 | 1·39 (0·89–2·17) | 1·58 (0·94–2·65) | ||
| Consumption of iron-rich foods (6–23 months) | 282 (16%) of 1751 | 291 (17%) of 1718 | 1·05 (0·76–1·45) | 1·25 (0·86–1·80) | ||
| Further information on primary and secondary outcomes | ||||||
| Family planning | ||||||
| Use of modern contraception to space pregnancies | 442 (14%) of 3134 | 598 (17%) of 3439 | 1·29 (1·06–1·58) | 1·23 (0·95–1·60) | ||
| Use of modern contraception to limit pregnancies | 1036 (33%) of 3134 | 1433 (42%) of 3439 | 1·44 (1·21–1·71) | 1·15 (0·91–1·45) | ||
| Planned pregnancy in previous 2 years (London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy) | 1678 (65%) of 2575 | 1799 (71%) of 2532 | 1·20 (0·84–1·73) | 1·33 (0.86–2·04) | ||
| Reported intimate partner violence in previous 1 year | 1052 (14%) of 7705 | 556 (7%) of 7484 | 0·85 (0·44–1·64) | 0·90 (0·46–1·72) | ||
| Immunisation for children aged 12–23 months | ||||||
| Immunisation card | 551 (48%) of 1143 | 645 (58%) of 1108 | 1·52 (1·14–2·02) | 1·58 (1·04–2·40) | ||
| Fully immunised on immunisation card | 395 (72%) of 1143 | 497 (77%) of 1108 | 1·30 (0·84–2·01) | 1·73 (1·05–2·01) | ||
| BCG | 1077 (94%) of 1143 | 1054 (95%) of 1108 | 1·06 (0·61–1·87) | 0·84 (0·24–3·01) | ||
| DPT and polio | ||||||
| Dose 1 | 991 (87%) of 1143 | 1000 (90%) of 1108 | 1·41 (0·78–2·55) | 1·98 (0·87–4·49) | ||
| Dose 2 | 905 (79%) of 1143 | 947 (85%) of 1108 | 1·52 (0·93–2·50) | 2·80 (1·49–5·24) | ||
| Dose 3 | 846 (74%) of 1143 | 905 (82%) of 1108 | 1·56 (1·03–2·38) | 2·44 (1·42–4·20) | ||
| Hepatitis B virus | ||||||
| Dose 1 | 964 (84%) of 1143 | 973 (88%) of 1108 | 1·42 (0·80–2·54) | 2·34 (1·03–5·29) | ||
| Dose 2 | 883 (77%) of 1143 | 923 (83%) of 1108 | 1·49 (0·91–2·43) | 2·36 (1·29–4·35) | ||
| Dose 3 | 829 (73%) of 1143 | 874 (79%) of 1108 | 1·44 (0·93–2·25) | 2·06 (1·24–3·43) | ||
| Measles | 735 (64%) of 1143 | 786 (71%) of 1108 | 1·34 (0·87–2·06) | 1·99 (1·19–3·34) | ||
| Immunisation for children aged 24–59 months | ||||||
| Immunisation card | 1077 (35%) of 3060 | 1713 (58%) of 2947 | 1·38 (0·91–2·10) | 1·15 (0·76–1·74) | ||
| BCG | 2882 (94%) of 3060 | 2824 (96%) of 2947 | 1·25 (0·74–2·10) | 1·36 (0·51–3·66) | ||
| DPT and polio | ||||||
| Dose 1 | 2684 (88%) of 3060 | 2685 (91%) of 2947 | 1·33 (0·86–2·05) | 1·54 (0·87–2·75) | ||
| Dose 2 | 2550 (83%) of 3060 | 2588 (88%) of 2947 | 1·32 (0·88–1·98) | 1·72 (1·00–2·96) | ||
| Dose 3 | 2475 (81%) of 3060 | 2517 (85%) of 2947 | 1·27 (0·87–1·86) | 1·57 (0·95–2·60) | ||
| Hepatitis B virus | ||||||
| Dose 1 | 2634 (86%) of 3060 | 2610 (89%) of 2947 | 1·16 (0·76–1·77) | 1·23 (0·69–2·19) | ||
| Dose 2 | 2510 (82%) of 3060 | 2515 (85%) of 2947 | 1·18 (0·79–1·76) | 1·36 (0·81–2·27) | ||
| Dose 3 | 2436 (80%) of 3060 | 2442 (83%) of 2947 | 1·12 (0·77–1·63) | 1·21 (0·73–2·01) | ||
| Measles | 2245 (73%) of 3060 | 2323 (79%) of 2947 | 1·25 (0·83–1·88) | 1·39 (0·83–2·33) | ||
| Anthropometric malnutrition in children aged 0–59 months | ||||||
| Severe acute | 93 (2%) of 4608 | 68 (1%) of 4570 | 0·73 (0·48–1·13) | 0·54 (0·27–1·09) | ||
| Moderate acute | 487 (11%) of 4608 | 462 (10%) of 4570 | 0·95 (0·78–1·17) | 0·96 (0·71–1·29) | ||
| Use of government ICDS by children aged 0–24 months | ||||||
| Food supplements almost daily | 13 (<1%) of 2243 | 10 (<1%) of 2177 | 1·16 (0·55–2·45) | 1·73 (0·71–4·24) | ||
| Health check-ups at least once per month | 8 (<1%) of 2243 | 9 (<1%) of 2177 | 0·92 (0·49–1·73) | 1·31 (0·64–2·68) | ||
| Regular early childhood development intervention | 3 (<1%) of 2243 | 5 (<1%) of 2177 | 1·40 (0·51–3·83) | 1·71 (0·53–5·56) | ||
| Weight measured at least once per 3 months | 12 (<1) of 2243 | 8 (<1%) of 2177 | 1·73 (0·88–3·39) | 2·39 (1·10–5·20) | ||
OR=odds ratio. ICDS=Government of India Integrated Child Development Services. DPT=diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus.