Figure 1. Schematic overview of CRISPR/Cpf1–RNP-mediated genome editing in plants.

To edit the plant genome without introducing DNA, recombinant Cpf1 proteins and in vitro-transcribed crRNAs were pre-assembled. These active RNP complexes were delivered via conventional PEG-mediated transformation to protoplasts isolated from the target plant. The delivered RNP complex can recognize the crRNA complementary sequence and produce cohesive double-stranded breaks. Scale bar, 10 μm.