Table 1.
Characteristics of the included RCTs for oral diseases.
| First author, year | Location of propolis production, chemical composition of propolis | Used form of propolis, amount used | Patient's disease, sample size (randomized/analysed) | Experimental group (intervention, regimen) | Control group (intervention, regimen) | Outcome measures | Main results | AE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ali, 2011 [19] | UAE, n.r. | Paste, n.r. | Recurrent oral aphthae, 120/114 | (A) PP (containing olive oil), n = 39, 2 times per day until healing | (B) PP (containing sesame oil), n = 35, 2 times per day until healing (C) Placebo paste, n = 40, 2 times per day until healing |
(1) TER for pain disappearance (2) Duration of treatment for ulcer (3) Lesion size (4) Duration of drug adherence to mucous membrane |
(1) (A)a, (B)a significantly better than (C) (2) (A)b, (B)b significantly better than (C) (3) (A) better than (B), (C) but NS (4) Most patients were approximately 20–30 minutes |
n.r. |
|
| ||||||||
| Atanasovska, 2014 [20] | Macedonia, I 62.5% + B 55% + TP 24.2% + TFF 8% + TFD 49% | Spray, n.r. | Recurrent oral aphthae, 20/20 | (A) PS (Proaftol), n = 10, 24–32 sessions (3-4 times per day for 8 days) | (B) Placebo spray, n = 10, 24–32 sessions (3-4 times per day for 8 days) | (1) Lesion size (2) Severity of pain |
(1) On day 3, Positivec; on day 5, Positivec; on day 8, Positiveb (2) On day 3, Positivec; on day 5,Positiveb; on day 8, Positiveb |
n.r. |
|
| ||||||||
| Capistrano, 2013 [21] | n.r., n.r. | Gel, 1 session 5 mL | Candidal stomatitis, 45/45 | (A) PG, n = 15, 64 sessions (4 times per day for 14 days) | (B) Mouthrinse (containing propolis), n = 15, 64 sessions (4 times per day for 14 days) (C) Miconazole, n = 15, 64 sessions (4 times per day for 14 days) |
(1) CFU (2) Newton's classification |
(1) Significant difference in (A)c, (B)c, (C)c but NS in each group (2) Significant difference in (A)b, (B)c, (C)b but NS in each group |
n.r. |
|
| ||||||||
| Chen, 2009 [22] | n.r., n.r. | Extract, n.r. | Recurrent oral aphthae, 76/76 | (A) PE, n = 38, 14 sessions (2 times per day for 7 days) | (B) Placebo (oral antiseptics), n = 38, 14 sessions (2 times per day for 7 days) | (1) TER for ROA (2) TER for pain disappearance |
(1) Positiveb (2) Positiveb |
n.r. |
|
| ||||||||
| Piredda, 2015 [23] | n.r., n.r. | Extract, 1 session 8–10 mg | Oral mucositis, 60/60 | (A) PE + mouthrinse, n = 30, 15 sessions (1 time per day for 15 days) | (B) Mouthrinse, n = 30, 15 sessions (1 time per day for 15 days) | (1) NCI-CTCAE version 4.0 | (1) Positivea | Manifested suspected skin reaction (2 in group (A)) |
a P < 0.05; bP < 0.01; cP < 0.001.
AE: adverse events; B: balm (extract with 70% ethanol); CFU: colony forming units; I: inhibitor against Staphylococcus aureus; NCI-CTCAE: National Cancer Institute-Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events; n.r.: not reported; NS: no significant difference between groups; PE: propolis extract; PG: propolis gel; positive: (A) significantly better than (B); PP: propolis paste; PS: propolis spray; ROA: recurrent oral aphthae; TER: total effective rate; TFD: total flavonones and dihydroflavonols; TFF: total flavones and flavonol; TP: total phenols.