Table 2.
Muscle strength, volume, and IMNCT (MRI signal intensity values) in patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects, with a priori statistical power analysis, statistical difference, and the percentage difference between groups
| Variable | Control | Type 2 diabetes | Statistical power | P value | % difference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Muscle strength (Nm/kg) | |||||
| Knee extensors | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.3 ± 0.5 | 0.99 | 0.003 | −32 |
| Ankle PFs | 1.0 ± 0.3 | 0.6 ± 0.2 | 1 | 0.001 | −34 |
| MV (cm3) | |||||
| MV SOL | 418.7 ± 114.8 | 420.2 ± 132.4 | 0.06 | 0.97 | 0 |
| MV MG | 184.8 ± 52.8 | 170.3 ± 68.5 | 0.28 | 0.46 | −7 |
| MV LG | 106.3 ± 35.8 | 92.4 ± 36.7 | 0.53 | 0.24 | −13 |
| Sum ankle PF | 709.9 ± 186.5 | 617.9 ± 291.2 | 0.53 | 0.23 | −12 |
| Ankle DF | 218.2 ± 49.9 | 205.3 ± 55.3 | 0.29 | 0.45 | −5 |
| MV VM | 342.3 ± 98.8 | 328.9 ± 80.2 | 0.16 | 0.64 | −3 |
| MV VI | 342.3 ± 106.4 | 293.1 ± 62.8 | 0.83 | 0.08 | −14 |
| MV VL | 368.5 ± 106.7 | 330.6 ± 94.9 | 0.51 | 0.24 | −10 |
| MV RF | 148.5 ± 47.8 | 117.5 ± 48.7 | 0.89 | 0.05 | −20 |
| Sum knee extensors | 1,201.6 ± 323.2 | 968.4 ± 395.6 | 0.83 | 0.04 | −19 |
| MV SM | 227.7 ± 58.4 | 194.1 ± 56.7 | 0.83 | 0.07 | −14 |
| MV BF | 288.4 ± 77.3 | 246.4 ± 68.3 | 0.83 | 0.08 | −14 |
| MV ST | 152.2 ± 51.4 | 131.5 ± 40.5 | 0.64 | 0.16 | −13 |
| Sum knee flexors | 668.5 ± 172.9 | 517.5 ± 219.6 | 0.96 | 0.01 | −22 |
| IMNCT (pixel intensity) | |||||
| SOL | 3,453.3 ± 356.0 | 3,736.0 ± 240.0 | 1 | 0.006 | 8 |
| MG | 2,751.8 ± 325.3 | 2,901.7 ± 464.9 | 0.52 | 0.25 | 5 |
| LG | 2,039.6 ± 282.5 | 2,231.4 ± 314.9 | 0.89 | 0.05 | 9 |
| DF | 3,748.7 ± 321.8 | 4,103.6 ± 414.2 | 1 | 0.005 | 9 |
| VM | 3,628.4 ± 138.3 | 3,636.2 ± 251.5 | 0.07 | 0.90 | 0 |
| VI | 3,553.8 ± 155.2 | 3,594.0 ± 205.9 | 0.26 | 0.49 | 1 |
| VL | 3,670.4 ± 239.7 | 3,668.1 ± 349.6 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0 |
| RF | 3,303.1 ± 206.1 | 3,437.6 ± 306.1 | 0.76 | 0.11 | 4 |
| SM | 3,571.3 ± 342.5 | 3,543.6 ± 353.9 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 0 |
| BF | 3,411.3 ± 214.5 | 3,457.9 ± 276.9 | 0.21 | 0.56 | 1 |
| ST | 3,513.2 ± 360.7 | 3,715.4 ± 427.9 | 0.74 | 0.12 | 5 |
An independent sample t test was used to represent the statistical differences in muscle strength, volume, and IMNCT in control subjects vs. patients with diabetes. Boldface data denotes statistical significance. BF, biceps femoris; DF, dorsiflexor; LG, lateral gastrocnemius; MG, medial gastrocnemius; MV, muscle volume; PF, plantar flexor; RF, rectus femoris; SM, semimembranosus; SOL, soleus; ST, semitendinosus; VI, vastus intermedius; VL, vastus lateralis; VM, vastus medialis.