Table 1.

The different functions of Cav-1 in human adenocarcinoma

Organ	Tumor		Stromal
	Function	Prognosis	Function	Prognosis
Thyroid	The level of Cav-1 depends on the different subunits in thyroid cancer, whereas the results fail to reach an agreement.65–68
Esophagus	Cav-1 plays a negative role in the pathogenesis of BAC.11,69	The elevated expression of Cav-1 in a small subgroup of BAC patients was correlated with poor survival prognosis.11
Lung	Cav-1 serves as a tumor inhibitor in lung ADs,10,70,150 whereas the tumor- promoting function also has been observed.72	The higher expression Cav-1 correlated with poorer survival in lung ADs patients.71	Cav-1 expression in CAFs is closely related with T stage, lymphatic permeation, vascular invasion and pleural invasion.78	Cav-1 overexpression in CAFs predicts a poor outcome, but it cannot serve as an independent prognostic factor.78
Breast	The tumor-promoting function of Cav-1 in breast cancer has been found by many reports.43,82,156,157 However, some studies insist that Cav-1 functions as a tumor inhibitor.79,80	Cav-1 expression has no prognostic value in breast cancer.22,89–91	Cav-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in the stromal microenvironment of breast cancer.22,24,29,30	The absence of stromal Cav-1 may serve as a poor independent prognostic maker in breast cancer.22,24,29,30
Liver	The elevated Cav-1 expression contributes to HCC progression and metastasis via inhibiting autophagy,107 inducing EMT109 or triggering c-Met signal transduction.111	Cav-1 overexpression predicts a poor prognosis in HCC.49,108
Stomach	Cav-1 can suppress gastric cancer tumorigenesis.46,93 The opposite results also have been observed.94,95	Cav-1 is associated with poor prognosis,94 good prognosis96 or no prognosis95 remains controversial.	Loss of stromal Cav-1 can promote GC development.97,98	Loss of stromal Cav-1 can predict the poor prognosis in GC.97
Pancreas	Cav-1 acts as tumor inhibitor6,99,100 or tumor promotor,101,103,104 even with the both in pancreatic AD still remains controversial.44	Cav-1 has been regarded as an independent unfavorable prognostic factor in pancreatic ductal AD.101,102	The stromal Cav-1 serves as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic cancer.105	Loss of stromal Cav-1 in pancreatic cancer can be a strong poor prognosis biomarker.105
Colon	The oncogenic function of Cav-1 was found in colon AD,114–116 whereas Cav-1 may play a tumor-inhibiting role during the early stages.117
Kidney	Cav-1 can promote the progression and metastasis of renal cell carcinoma.118,120,121	Cav-1 may be capable of predicting a worse prognosis.118,120
Prostate	The tumorigenic function of Cav-1 has been found in prostate cancer.63,122,124,125	The increased expression of Cav-1 is associated with poor prognosis.31,122	The stromal Cav-1 plays a tumor-inhibiting role in the progression of prostate cancer.127	Loss of stromal Cav-1 in prostate cancer heralds a worse prognosis.127,128

Abbreviations: ADs, adenocarcinomas; CAFs, cancer-associated fibroblasts; Cav-1, caveolin-1; EMT, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition; GC, gastric cancer; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.