Table 1.

Characteristics, PHQ-9, CATS, EPQ, LES scores, and correlation with PHQ-9 or effects on PHQ-9 in 413 general adult subjects

Characteristics or measures	Value (number or mean ± SD)	Correlation with PHQ (ρ) or effect on PHQ-9 (mean ± SD of PHQ-9 scores, Mann–Whitney U test)
Age	42.31±11.99	ρ=−0.113*
Sex (male:female)	221:192	Male 2.88±3.61 vs female 3.76±4.35* (Mann–Whitney U test)
Education, years	15.12±2.00	ρ=−0.054, ns
Employment status (employed:unemployed)	350:56	Employed 3.27±3.94 vs unemployed 3.59±4.43, ns (Mann–Whitney U test)
Marital status (married:unmarried)	291:119	Married 3.00±3.70 vs unmarried 4.04±4.57** (Mann–Whitney U test)
Living-alone (yes:no)	103:302	Yes 3.54±4.15 vs no 3.16±3.93, ns (Mann–Whitney U test)
Number of offspring	1.30±1.17	ρ=−0.076, ns
Presence of offspring (yes:no)	276:134	Yes 2.93±3.85 vs no 3.93±4.18** (Mann–Whitney U test)
Comorbidity of physical disease (yes:no)	85:324	Yes 3.84±4.09 vs no 3.12±3.93* (Mann–Whitney U test)
First-degree relative with psychiatric disease (yes:no)	41:370	Yes 3.77±4.41 vs no 3.24±3.95, ns (Mann–Whitney U test)
PHQ-9 score	3.30±4.00
CATS
Sexual abuse	0.04±0.22	ρ=0.156**
Neglect	0.62±0.58	ρ=0.332**
Punishment	1.42±0.61	ρ=0.206**
Total	0.66±0.43	ρ=0.327**
Neuroticism score (EPQ)	3.60±3.19	ρ=0.530**
LES (change score)
Negative	1.65±3.10	ρ=0.320**
Positive	1.64±2.93	ρ=−0.039, ns

Notes: Data presented as mean ± SD or number. ρ= Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient.

^*P<0.05.

^**P<0.01.

Abbreviations: CATS, Child Abuse and Trauma Scale; EPQ, Eysenck Personality Questionnaire; LES, Life Experiences Survey; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; ns, not significant; SD, standard deviation.