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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Jan 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Clin Epidemiol. 2016 Oct 19;81:129–139. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2016.09.012

Table 2. Risk factors associated with CD4 change at 12 months from ART initiation, stratified by cohort.

TAHOD-LITE
n =7 338		 TAHOD
n =1 697		 Interaction
p value1
N (%)2 (%)3 Mean
Diff.		 95% CI p
value4 		N (%)2 (%)3 Mean
Diff.		 95% CI P
value4
Year of ART Initiation 0.475 0.074 0.534
2003-2005 948 (13) 0 4 15 (24) 0
2006-2009 2938 (40) −12 (−25, 2) 0.086 619 (36) −3 (−22, 16) 0.765
2010-2013 3452 (47) −1 (−15, 13) 0.898 663 (39) 24 (−0, 47) 0.050
Age at ART initiation (years) <0.001 0.038 0.585
≤30 1707 (23) 0 436 (26) 0
31-40 3213 (44) −10 (−20, 0) 0.058 748 (44) −7 (−25, 10) 0.408
41-50 1548 (21) -23 (−35, −10) <0.001 350 (21) -29 (−51, −8) 0.007
51+ 870 (12) −21 (−36, −6) 0.006 163 (10) −14 (−41, 14) 0.333
Sex 0.195
Male 4959 (68) 0 1179 (69) 0
Female 2379 (32) 20 (10, 29) <0.001 518 (31) 6 (−11, 23) 0.514
Mode of HIV Exposure 0.023 0.783 0.850
Heterosexual contact 5787 (79) 0 1184 (70) 0
Homosexual contact 698 (10) 20 (3, 37) 0.020 234 (14) 11 (−16, 37) 0.440
Injecting drug use 266 (4) −24 (−51, 4) 0.090 123 (7) −6 (−42, 30) 0.743
Other/unknown 587 (8) −2 (−17, 13) 0.768 156 (9) 11 (−17, 39) 0.447
Pre-ART viral load
(copies/mL) 		<0.001 <0.001 0.962
≤100000 850 (12) (46) 0 356 (21) (51) 0
>100000 1011 (14) (54) 35 (19, 51) <0.001 348 (21) (49) 56 (33, 79) <0.001
Not tested 5477 (75) - 18 (3, 34) 0.017 993 (59) - 31 (3, 59) 0.030
Pre-ART CD4 (cells/μL) <0.001 0.537 0.254
≤50 1790 (24) 0 524 (31) 0
51-100 1076 (15) 10 (−3, 23) 0.140 231 (14) 3 (−20, 25) 0.829
101-200 1943 (26) 3 (−9, 14) 0.622 410 (24) 6 (−14, 26) 0.564
201+ 2529 (34) -17 (−29, −6) 0.003 532 (31) −9 (−29, 12) 0.403
First ART regimen 0.078 0.710 0.468
NRTI+NNRTI5 6934 (94) 0 1510 (89) 0
NRTI+PI6 351 (5) 1 (−19, 20) 0.960 167 (10) 12 (−18, 42) 0.440
Other7 53 (1) 55 (7, 104) 0.025 20 (1) −7 (−74, 61) 0.844
Previous mono/duo exposure 0.654
No 7099 (97) 0 1618 (95) 0
Yes 239 (3) -44 (−66, −21) <0.001 79 (5) −29 (−64, 7) 0.118
Hepatitis B co-infection 8 0.363 0.229 0.796
Negative 4328 (59) (91) 0 1336 (79) (89) 0
Positive 443 (6) (9) −9 (−26, 8) 0.282 158 (9) (11) −3 (−27, 21) 0.821
Not tested 2567 (35) - −8 (−24, 8) 0.312 203 (12) - −30 (−64, 4) 0.087
Hepatitis C co-infection 9 0.256 0.108 0.754
Negative 3924 (53) (90) 0 1192 (70) (86) 0
Positive 431 (6) (10) −15 (−37, 6) 0.162 194 (11) (14) −24 (−53, 5) 0.103
Not tested 2983 (41) - 7 (−11, 25) 0.436 311 (18) - 19 (−12, 49) 0.228
1

Wald test for the interaction term between cohort (ie. TAHOD or TAHOD-LITE) and the respective risk factor.

2

Column percentages for the respective risk factor, by cohort.

3

Column percentages excluding frequencies for not tested in the respective risk factor, by cohort.

4

Wald test for each level and global of the respective risk factor. Global p values for year of ART initiation, age and pre-ART CD4 count are test for trend while all other global p values are test for heterogeneity.

5

Regimen combination consisting of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI).

6

Regimen combination consisting of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) and protease inhibitor (PI).

7

Any regimen combination excluding NRTIs+NNRTI or NRTIs+PI.

8

Hepatitis B surface antigen result where positive indicates ever positive result.

9

Hepatitis C antibody result where positive indicates ever positive result.