Table 2.

Theoretical perspectives on Being and Doing.

Relationship	Author	Quote
Incompatible	Weick and Putnam, 2006, p. 281 Kabat-Zinn, 2013, p. xvii Brown and Ryan, 2003, pp. 822–823	“Attempts to increase mindfulness in an organizational context are complicated, because organizations are established, held together, and made effective largely by means of concepts. … Conceptual reality is necessary for day-to-day individual and organizational functioning.” “Each of us gets the same 24 h a day… we fill up those hours with so much doing that we scarcely have time for being.” [Emphasis in original.] “Mindfulness can be considered an enhanced attention to and awareness of … present reality. … This is … contrasted with consciousness that is blunted. … For example, rumination, absorption in the past, … fantasies and anxieties about the future, … awareness or attention … divided, … when individuals behave compulsively or automatically. … Mindlessness, … the relative absence of mindfulness, … [is] these forms of consciousness [that] serve as concrete counterpoints to mindful presence.”
Contingent	Levinthal and Rerup, 2006, pp. 87–88 Dane, 2011: p. 1010 Good et al., 2016, p. 131	“Mindful moments are important if the contexts in which you operate are dynamic.…In less dynamic contexts, … the economies of mindlessness are more appropriate. Mindfulness takes effort and cost; mindlessness in the form of routine can be cost-efficient.” “Mindfulness is … a state of consciousness that may either foster or inhibit task performance.” “Mindful presence in a stressful situation might evoke lower task performance.”
Complementary	Weick and Putnam, 2006, p 281 Brown et al., 2007, p. 213 Good et al., 2016, p. 134	“The most direct way to forestall conceptual moves that mislead is through mindfulness meditation. … Benefits … relevant to organizations, … [are] greater awareness, clearer thinking and better decisions.” “Mindfulness is not … antithetical to thought, but rather fosters a different relationship to it. … [Mindful] people have … the ability to observe the contents of consciousness, including thoughts. … Disentanglement of consciousness from cognitive content may allow thought to be used with greater effectiveness and precision.” “Mindfulness appears to have broad effects on individual functioning, … beneficially influencing many variables.”