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Schematic illustration of the autonomic neural pathways and effectors activated as a consequence of trigeminal nerve stimulation. Protection reflexes like the diving, the nasopharyngeal, or the oculocardiac reflex involve simultaneous co-activation of both autonomic limbs (blue symbols). The trigeminocardiac reflex induces a strong depressor response by a reciprocal activation of the parasympathetic system and an inhibition of the sympathetic system (red symbols).
