Table 1.
Demographic characteristics and inflammatory markers stratified by baseline diagnosis
| Characteristics | NCI, n = 79 | CIND, n = 140 | AD, n = 96 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year, mean (SD) | 68.27 (6.0) | 71.23 (8.1) | 77.25 (7.3) | <.001∗ |
| Female, n (%) | 41 (51.9) | 67 (47.9) | 60 (62.5) | .08 |
| Low education, n (%) | 24 (30.4) | 67 (47.9) | 73 (76) | <.001† |
| APOE genotype‡ | ||||
| APOE ε2 carrier, n (%) | 8 (10.1) | 16 (11.4) | 16 (16.7) | .36 |
| APOE ε3 carrier, n (%) | 76 (96.2) | 134 (95.7) | 88 (91.7) | .31 |
| APOE ε4 carrier, n (%) | 14 (17.7) | 42 (30.0) | 32 (33.3) | .06 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 17 (21.5) | 53 (37.9) | 44 (45.8) | .003† |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 43 (45.4) | 96 (68.6) | 81 (84.4) | <.001† |
| Hyperlipidemia, n (%) | 53 (67.1) | 106 (75.7) | 70 (72.9) | .39 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 18 (22.8) | 42 (30.0) | 27 (28.1) | .51 |
| Cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 4 (5.1) | 23 (16.4) | 18 (18.8) | .02† |
| Inflammatory markers | ||||
| IL-6, pg/mL, median (range) | 0.78 (11.9) | 1.03 (45.3) | 1.59 (59.8) | .046§ |
| IL-8, pg/mL, median (range) | 4.53 (12.2) | 5.42 (20.2) | 5.90 (44.8) | <.001‖ |
| TNFα, pg/mL, median (range) | 4.05 (12.9) | 4.51 (15.2) | 5.28 (16.6) | .001¶ |
Abbreviations: NCI, noncognitively impaired; CIND, cognitive impairment no dementia; AD, Alzheimer's disease; SD, standard deviation; IL, interleukin; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; ANOVA, analysis of variance.
NOTE. Bold text indicates P values <.05.
Significant one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni tests: NCI versus CIND, P = .01; NCI versus AD, P < .001; CIND versus AD, P < .001.
Significant chi-square tests.
APOE genotype: APOE ε2, APOE ε3, APOE ε4 carrier denotes presence of at least one APOE ε2, APOE ε3, or APOE ε4 alleles, respectively.
Significant Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn's tests: NCI versus AD, P = .02.
Significant Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn's tests: NCI versus CIND, P < .01; NCI versus AD, P < .001.
Significant Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA with post hoc Dunn's tests: NCI versus AD, P = .001.