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. 2016 Oct 3;36(7):885–898. doi: 10.1038/onc.2016.257

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Copyright © 2017 The Author(s)

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/

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PFDN1 promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Mice were injected subcutaneously with PFDN1-overexpressed or vector-control A549 cells, and tumor volumes were determined at indicated days. Tumor volume (a) and tumor weight (b) were measured. (c) Mice were tail vein injected with PFDN1-overexpressed A549 cells. The mice were killed 6 weeks after injection and their lungs were harvested. (d) Representative stereoscope images of lung tumors are shown, and metastasis was determined by H&E staining. The expression levels of PFDN1 in lung tumors were detected by immunohistochemistry. Metastasis is indicated by a white dotted line, and arrows indicate exemplary loci of metastasis. (e) The level of metastasis per area was quantified using image software that measures pixel units. (f) Relative CTC levels were determined by real-time PCR. hGAPDH, human GAPDH; mGAPDH, mouse GAPDH.