Table 1.

Summary of the conclusions by Scarpignato et al. [3] regarding the appropriateness of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) therapy in 13 clinical scenarios of uncertainty and common misuse

	Reason for use
Long-term PPI therapy appropriate	• Barrett’s esophagus • Healing and maintenance of healed Los Angeles grade C or D erosive esophagitisa • PPI-responsive esophageal eosinophilia • Idiopathic (H. pylori and NSAID/aspirin negative) peptic ulcer disease • Zollinger–Ellison diseasea,b • PPI-responsive GERD/non-erosive reflux diseasea,c • Long-term non-selective NSAID users at high-risk for upper GI complications or long-term cox-2 inhibitor users with a prior episode of GI bleedinga • Anti-platelet therapy in patients at high-risk for upper GI complications (age > 65 years or concomitant use of corticosteroids or anticoagulants or history of peptic ulcer disease) • Steatorrhea refractory to enzyme replacement therapy in chronic pancreatitis
Short-term PPI therapy appropriate (4- to 12-week course)	• Healing of Los Angeles grade A or B erosive esophagitisa • Eosinophilic esophagitis • H. pylori eradication (in combination with antibiotics)a,d • Stress ulcer prophylaxis in high-risk patients (i.e., critically ill patients with respiratory failure or coagulopathy) • Functional dyspepsia • Treatment and maintenance of peptic ulcer diseasea • Prior to endoscopy for acute upper GI bleeding • Following endoscopic treatment of a high-risk ulcer GI bleed
PPI use not appropriate	• Corticosteroid users without concomitant NSAID therapy • To prevent bleeding from hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic patients • Acute pancreatitis • Stress ulcer prophylaxis in non-critically ill hospitalized patients that are not at high-risk for ulcer formation and GI bleeding
PPI use of uncertain benefit	• PPI non-responsive GERD • Extra-digestive GERD

^aFDA approved indications

^bRequires 3–4 times the usual dose (PPI therapy is typically started as single dose)

^cIn these cases, a PPI taper should be attempted to the lowest effective dose, on demand dosing, or intermittent dosing

^dIn this case, a 1 to 2 week course of PPI therapy for H. pylori eradication in conjunction with antibiotics is appropriate

GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease, GI gastrointestinal, NSAID non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs