Table 2.

Exploratory factor analysis of the English Diabetes Distress Scale-17 in Malaysia

Item no.	Items	Subscale	Factor loadings
			1	2	3	4
8	Feeling that I am often failing with my diabetes routine	Regime distress	0.85
6	Feeling that I am not testing my blood sugars frequently enough		0.76
16	Not feeling motivated to keep up my diabetes self-management		0.69
12	Feeling that I am not sticking closely enough to a good meal plan		0.45
3	Not feeling confident in my day-to-day ability to manage diabetes		0.40
7a	Feeling that I will end up with serious long-term complications, no matter what I do	Emotional burden	0.69
4	Feeling angry, scared and/or depressed when I think about living with diabetes			0.80
2	Feeling that diabetes is taking up too much of my mental and physical energy every day			0.70
14	Feeling overwhelmed by the demands of living with diabetes			0.59
10a	Feeling that diabetes controls my life			0.43		0.43
1	Feeling that my doctor doesn’t know enough about diabetes and diabetes care	Physician distress			0.82
5	Feeling that my doctor doesn’t give me clear enough directions on how to manage my diabetes				0.80
11	Feeling that my doctor doesn’t take my concerns seriously enough				0.71
15a	Feeling that I don’t have a doctor who I can see regularly enough about my diabetes				0.38
9	Feeling that friends or family are not supportive enough of self-care efforts (e.g., planning activities that conflict with my schedule, encouraging me to eat the “wrong” foods)	Interpersonal distress				0.95
17	Feeling that friends or family don’t give me the emotional support that I would like					0.70
13	Feeling that friends or family don’t appreciate how difficult living with diabetes can be					0.55

^aItems that did not fit into the original 4-factor model