Table 1.

Distribution of LV circumferential strain

	n	Ecc (%)	P value
Sex
Female	303	−19.2 ± 2.4
Male	411	−18.3 ± 2.4	<0.0001
Age
<50 years	390	−18.9 ± 2.4
≥50 years	324	−18.4 ± 2.4	0.0064
Treatment group
Intensive	371	−18.8 ± 2.4
Conventional	343	−18.6 ± 2.4	0.3183
Study cohort
Primary	353	−18.8 ± 2.4
Secondary	361	−18.6 ± 2.4	0.2351
Current smoker
No	631	−18.8 ± 2.4
Yes	83	−18.1 ± 2.6	0.0097
Alcohol
No	385	−18.7 ± 2.5
Yes	329	−18.7 ± 2.3	0.4766
BMI ≥30 kg/m2
No	488	−18.9 ± 2.4
Yes	226	−18.3 ± 2.4	0.0025
AER ≥300 μg/min or ESRD
No	679	−18.7 ± 2.4
Yes	35	−17.8 ± 2.2	0.0150
Sustained AER ≥30 μg/min or ESRD
No	565	−18.8 ± 2.4
Yes	149	−18.2 ± 2.5	0.0030
Any proliferative diabetic retinopathy*
No	596	−18.8 ± 2.4
Yes	118	−18.2 ± 2.5	0.0256
Hypertension†
No	373	−19.0 ± 2.3
Yes	341	−18.4 ± 2.4	0.0004
Hypercholesterolemia‡
No	248	−19.0 ± 2.4
Yes	466	−18.5 ± 2.4	0.0030
Metabolic syndrome§
No	460	−18.9 ± 2.4
Yes	226	−18.1 ± 2.4	<0.0001
Myocardial scar
None	682	−18.7 ± 2.4
Any	32	−17.7 ± 2.7	0.0294
Ischemic	16	−18.4 ± 2.7	0.0205
Nonischemic	16	−17.0 ± 2.4	(df = 2)

Data are mean ± SD unless otherwise indicated. More-negative Ecc values indicate more myocardial circumferential deformation. AER, albumin excretion rate; ESRD, end-stage renal disease.

*During the DCCT/EDIC study.

†Defined as BP ≥140/90 mmHg or treatment with an antihypertensive medication.

‡Defined as LDL ≥130 mg/dL or treatment with a lipid-lowering medication.

§Defined as at least two of the four components: systolic BP ≥130 mmHg or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg or any antihypertensive agent, including ACE/angiotensin receptor blocker for all reasons, female waist circumference ≥88 cm or male waist circumference ≥102 cm, female HDL cholesterol <50 mg/dL or male HDL cholesterol <40 mg/dL, and triglycerides ≥150 mg/dL.