Table 1.
Characteristics of children included in the analysis (N = 8,506)
| Variable | n (%) |
|---|---|
| Developed any islet autoantibodies | 686 (8.1) |
| Developed multiple islet autoantibodies | 410 (4.8) |
| Female child | 4,193 (49.3) |
| HLA genotype | |
| DR3/4 | 3,319 (39.0) |
| DR4/4 | 1,664 (19.6) |
| DR3/3 | 1,782 (21.0) |
| Other | 1,741 (20.5) |
| Having a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes | 922 (10.8) |
| Having a mother with type 1 diabetes | 337 (4.0) |
| Delivery by C-section | 2,205 (25.9) |
| Country of residence | |
| U.S. | 3,632 (42.7) |
| Finland | 1,805 (21.2) |
| Germany | 572 (6.7) |
| Sweden | 2,497 (29.4) |
| Type of first formula introduced during the first 3 months | |
| Nonhydrolyzed cow’s milk–based formula | 5,523 (64.9) |
| Extensively hydrolyzed cow’s milk–based formula | 266 (3.1) |
| Partially hydrolyzed cow’s milk–based formula | 274 (3.2) |
| Other formula† | 214 (2.5) |
| No formula, no cow’s milk | 2,198 (25.8) |
| No formula, regular cow’s milk | 31 (0.4) |
†Including soy protein–based and elemental formula.