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. 2016 Nov 8;66(3):613–626. doi: 10.2337/db16-0663

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Inhibition of intestinal FXR substantially decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis independent of hepatic insulin signaling changes. The Fxrfl/fl and Fxr∆IE mice were fed an HFD or a chow diet for 1 week (n = 7). A: The mRNA levels of FXR target genes in the ileum. B: The mRNA levels of the ceramide synthesis-related genes in the ileum. C: The total and individual ceramide levels in the ileum (left) and serum (right). Data are presented as the means ± SD. Two-tailed Student t test: *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 vs. Fxrfl/fl mice. D: Western blot of insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in the liver and quantitation of p-AKT/t-AKT ratios from three independent experiments.