Table 2. Frequency distribution of helminth infections, stratified by TB patients and household contact controls.
| Helminth infection | All | TB patients | Controls | Comparing TB patients and controlsa | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 972) | (n = 597) | (n = 375) | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | OR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Any helminth | 287 (29.5) | 190 (31.8) | 97 (25.9) | 1.34 (1.00–1.78) | 0.048 |
| Helminth species | |||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | 161 (16.6) | 111 (18.6) | 50 (13.3) | 1.48 (1.03–2.13) | 0.032 |
| Hookworm | 87 (9.0) | 55 (9.2) | 32 (8.5) | 1.09 (0.69–1.72) | 0.72 |
| Ascaris lumbricoides | 6 (0.6) | 3 (0.5) | 3 (0.8) | 0.63 (0.13–3.12) | 0.57 |
| Enterobius vermicularis | 5 (0.5) | 1 (0.2) | 4 (1.1) | NA | NA |
| Trichuris trichiura | 9 (0.9) | 6 (1.0) | 3 (0.8) | 1.25 (0.31–5.06) | 0.75 |
| Hymenolepis diminuta | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | NA | NA |
| Schistosoma spp. | 70 (7.2) | 49 (8.2) | 21 (5.6) | 1.51 (0.89–2.56) | 0.13 |
| Schistosoma mansoni | 55 (5.7) | 40 (6.7) | 15 (4.0) | 1.72 (0.94–3.17) | 0.079 |
| Schistosoma haematobium | 19 (2.0) | 11 (1.8) | 8 (2.1) | 0.86 (0.34–2.16) | 0.75 |
| Helminth infection | 0.13 | ||||
| None | 685 (70.5) | 407 (68.2) | 278 (74.1) | 1 | |
| Mono-infection | 237 (24.4) | 158 (26.5) | 79 (21.1) | 1.37 (1.00–1.86) | |
| Infection with ≥2 species | 50 (5.1) | 32 (5.3) | 18 (4.8) | 1.21 (0.67–2.21) | |
a Estimates from an unadjusted mixed-effect models with household as a random intercept
NA, not applicable; OR, odds ratio