Table 4. Associations of TB disease with helminth infection and other patient characteristics.
| Characteristics | Any helminth infection (n = 972) | S. mansoni infection (n = 972) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TB patients | Controls | Adjusted | Adjusted | |||
| n (%) | n (%) | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | aOR (95% CI) | p-value | |
| Helminth infection | 0.22 | 0.040 | ||||
| No | 407 (68.2) | 278 (74.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 190 (31.8) | 97 (25.9) | 1.26 (0.88–1.80) | 2.15 (1.03–4.45) | ||
| Age group (years) | 0.49 | 0.25 | ||||
| 18–24 | 107 (17.9) | 87 (23.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 25–34 | 226 (37.9) | 121 (32.3) | 1.22 (0.77–1.94) | 1.24 (0.78–1.97) | ||
| 35–44 | 169 (28.3) | 97 (25.9) | 1.00 (0.60–1.67) | 1.02 (0.61–1.7) | ||
| ≥45 | 95 (15.9) | 70 (18.7) | 0.85 (0.48–1.48) | 0.88 (0.51–1.54) | ||
| Sex | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Female | 186 (31.2) | 201 (53.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Male | 411 (68.8) | 174 (46.4) | 3.12 (2.13–4.56) | 3.16 (2.16–4.63) | ||
| HIV status | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| Negative | 434 (72.7) | 340 (90.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Positive | 163 (27.3) | 35 (9.3) | 6.18 (3.83–9.95) | 6.23 (3.86–10.05) | ||
| Education level | 0.55 | 0.57 | ||||
| No/primary | 500 (83.8) | 306 (81.6) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Secondary/University | 97 (16.2) | 69 (18.4) | 1.15 (0.73–1.80) | 1.14 (0.72–1.79) | ||
| Employment status | 0.63 | 0.66 | ||||
| Unemployed | 204 (34.2) | 145 (38.7) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Employed | 393 (65.8) | 230 (61.3) | 0.91 (0.62–1.33) | 0.92 (0.63–1.34) | ||
| Smoking status | 0.012 | 0.011 | ||||
| No | 489 (81.9) | 342 (91.2) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 108 (18.1) | 33 (8.8) | 1.92 (1.15–3.21) | 1.95 (1.16–3.25) | ||
| Number of people in the household | 0.018 | 0.015 | ||||
| ≤3 people | 442 (74.0) | 289 (77.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >3 people | 155 (26.0) | 86 (22.9) | 1.58 (1.08–2.30) | 1.60 (1.09–2.34) | ||
| Household income per month (US$) | 0.85 | 0.95 | ||||
| ≤100 | 473 (79.2) | 290 (77.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >100 | 124 (20.8) | 85 (22.7) | 1.04 (0.69–1.56) | 1.01 (0.68–1.52) | ||
| BMI category (kg/m2) | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||||
| BMI ≥18 | 279 (46.7) | 318 (53.3) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| BMI <18 | 356 (94.9) | 19 (5.1) | 23.20 (13.91–38.69) | 23.52 (14.1–39.24) | ||
| Occupational riska | 0.24 | 0.26 | ||||
| No | 322 (54.2) | 199 (54.1) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 272 (45.8) | 169 (45.9) | 0.82 (0.59–1.15) | 0.83 (0.59–1.15) | ||
| Individual deworming (past 12 months) | 0.20 | 0.21 | ||||
| Yes | 484 (81.1) | 313 (83.5) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 113 (18.9) | 62 (16.5) | 0.75 (0.48–1.16) | 0.76 (0.49–1.17) | ||
BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficieny virus; OR, odds ratio; US$, United States dollars (1 US$ = 2,190 Tanzanian Shillings in March 2016)
a Occupational risk for acquiring schistosomiasis (working in rice fields, sand harvesting, washing cars, and fishing)
Logistic regression model for TB disease status as the outcome. Model adjusted for any helminth infection/S. mansoni, age, sex, HIV status, BMI, education level, employment status, smoking status, number of people living in the same household, individual deworming status, helminth risk occupation and income level.
The full table with unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios is shown in the Supplementary Information (S7 Table).