Table 6. Effect of helminth infection on the clinical severity and clinical presentation in TB patients at the time of TB diagnosis.

Helminth infection	Severe TB scorea		High sputum bacterial loadb		Lung infiltration		Lung cavitation
	aOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value	aOR (95% CI)	p-value
Any helminth infection		0.55		0.12		0.42		0.82
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.12 (0.78–1.61)		0.75 (0.51–1.08)		0.82 (0.50–1.33)		0.95 (0.60–1.50)
Strongyloides stercoralisc		0.44		0.39		0.17		0.76
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.19 (0.76–1.86)		0.82 (0.52–1.29)		1.56 (0.83–2.92)		1.09 (0.62–1.91)
Schistosoma mansoni d		0.75		0.004		0.15		0.088
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	0.89 (0.45–1.78)		0.37 (0.19–0.72)		0.51 (0.21–1.27)		0.41 (0.12–1.16)
Hookworme		0.55		0.40		0.086		0.54
No	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Yes	1.20 (0.67–2.15)		0.77 (0.42–1.42)		0.51 (0.23–1.10)		0.79 (0.37–1.69)
Multiple infections		0.82		0.020		0.19		0.40
None	1.00		1.00		1.00		1.00
Mono	1.13 (0.77–1.67)		0.88 (0.59–1.31)		0.85 (0.51–1.43)		1.06 (0.66–1.72)
Double or more	1.04 (0.48–2.22)		0.34 (0.16–0.73)		0.67 (0.24–1.84)		0.50 (0.17–1.44)

Logistic regression model adjusted for age, sex, HIV infection, and smoking status.

^a TB score (mild [score of 1–5] and severe [score of 6–12])

^b Sputum bacterial load (according to qualitative AFB smear microscopy grading): mild (scanty and 1+) and severe (≥+2)

^c 79 TB patients with any helminth infection other than S. stercoralis were excluded

^d 150 TB patients with helminth co-infection other than S. mansoni were excluded

^e 72 TB patients with helminth co-infection other than hookworm were excluded