Table 2.
Coefficients from Linear Regression Models for Systemic Inflammation Markers: Pooled Sample (n=1,054)
| Variable | Fibrinogena | E-selectinb | CRPc | IL-6d | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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|
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| Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 6 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 6 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 6 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 6 | |
| Demographic factors | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Age, y | 1.13*** (0.25) | 1.17*** (0.25) | 1.07*** (0.28) | −0.19** (0.05) | −0.17** (0.06) | −0.23** (0.07) | 0.005 (0.003) | 0.01 (0.003) | 0.001 (0.003) | 0.01*** (0.002) | 0.01*** (0.002) | 0.01*** (0.002) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Woman | 29.51*** (5.15) | 28.33*** (5.14) | 30.18** (5.46) | −4.25** (1.35) | −4.54** (1.34) | −4.15** (1.40) | 0.37*** (0.07) | 0.36*** (0.07) | 0.07*** (0.39) | 0.06 (0.04) | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.07 (0.05) |
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| Social determinants | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Race, black | 45.49*** (8.34) | 34.53*** (9.51) | 29.25** (9.71) | 7.25** (2.10) | 4.52* (2.28) | 2.52 (2.34) | 0.45*** (0.10) | 0.36** (0.11) | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.43*** (0.06) | 0.36*** (0.07) | 0.28*** (0.07) |
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| SES | ||||||||||||
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| Education, y | −2.59** (1.07) | −2.86** (1.09) | −2.34* (1.10) | −0.43 (0.027) | −0.46 (0.27) | −0.21 (0.28) | −0.04** (0.01) | −0.04** (0.02) | −0.03 (0.02) | −0.01 (0.01) | −0.02 (0.01) | −0.001 (0.01) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| Income, log $ | 0.82 (0.56) | 0.91 (0.56) | 0.82 (0.57) | 0.11 (0.014) | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.08 (0.15) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.0004 (0.01) | 0.001 (0.01) | −0.003 (0.01) |
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| Perceived discrimination | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Daily | −0.06 (0.69) | −0.42 (0.73) | 0.18 (0.18) | 0.07 (0.19) | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.003 (0.01) | 0.002 (0.01) | −0.01 (0.01) | ||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Lifetime | 5.18** (1.95) | 4.52* (1.90) | 1.14* (0.47) | 0.81 (0.48) | 0.04 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03* (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||||
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| Psychological factors | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Depressed affect | 0.46 (1.71) | 0.10 (0.43) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.02) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| General anxiety | −2.33 (2.66) | −1.71** (0.62) | 0.05 (0.04) | 0.001 (0.03) | ||||||||
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| Stress reactivity | −0.88 (1.37) | −0.33 (0.38) | −0.01 (0.02) | −0.02 (0.01) | ||||||||
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| Aggression | 0.14 (1.89) | 0.32 (0.47) | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.02 (0.01) | ||||||||
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| Alienation | 1.31 (1.68) | 0.53 (0.47) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.03 (0.01) | ||||||||
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| Lifestyle factors | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Ever regular smoker | −3.30 (6.11) | 1.51 (1.52) | 0.04 (0.08) | 0.07 (0.05) | ||||||||
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| Currently regular smoker | 0.78 (9.05) | 2.18 (2.63) | 0.06 (0.21) | 0.01 (0.07) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Vigorous physical activity | 1.88 (6.63) | −1.98 (1.64) | −0.07 (0.09) | −0.12* (0.06) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Moderate physical activity | −9.65 (6.15) | −0.98 (1.55) | −0.16 (0.08) | −0.07 (0.05) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| BMI | 0.63* (0.24) | 0.02 (0.04) | 0.01*** (0.003) | 0.01*** (0.0002) | ||||||||
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| Health factors | ||||||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Preventive aspirin | 5.13 (6.51) | −1.21 (1.65) | 0.13 (0.08) | 0.02 (0.05) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Hypertension | −6.43 (6.72) | −2.34 (1.62) | −0.24** (0.08) | −0.18** (0.05) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Diabetes | 16.14 (9.75) | 8.75** (2.84) | 0.31** (0.11) | 0.06 (0.07) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Joint/bone diseases | −8.06 (6.72) | 1.68 (1.65) | 0.09 (0.08) | −0.01 (0.05) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Persistent skin trouble | 14.01 (10.17) | 0.94 (2.69) | −0.08 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.08) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Teeth problems | 17.93 (11.90) | 4.21 (3.81) | 0.26 (0.15) | 0.04 (0.09) | ||||||||
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| Sleep problems | 3.89 (9.00) | 0.18 (2.33) | 0.13 (0.12) | 0.07 (0.07) | ||||||||
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| ||||||||||||
| Intercept | 292.40*** | 290.03*** | 284.89*** | 59.31*** | 55.32*** | 57.42*** | 0.38 | 0.24 | 0.46 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.12 |
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| ||||||||||||
| Model F | 17.94*** | 15.08*** | 5.69*** | 8.24*** | 7.82*** | 3.33*** | 14.10*** | 11.66*** | 7.82*** | 23.16*** | 17.30*** | 8.77*** |
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| ||||||||||||
| R2, % | 9.45 | 10.44 | 13.23 | 3.83 | 5.06 | 8.74 | 6.36 | 6.86 | 14.10 | 8.85 | 9.46 | 15.68 |
Source: Survey of Midlife in the U.S. (MIDUS II).
Note: Values are coefficients unless otherwise noted; standard errors appear in parentheses. Robust estimators are used. Boldface indicates statistical significance (*p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001; two-tailed tests).
a
mg/dL.
b
ng/mL.
c
log ug/mL.
d
log pg/mL.
CRP, C-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; y, years.