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. 2017 Feb 22;11:25. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00025

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Copyright © 2017 Lárraga, Belluzzi and Leslie.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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KOR blockade increases EtOH+Nic reinforcement in adult male rats, but not adolescent males or females. (A) Blockade of kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) with norBNI significantly increased EtOH+Nic reinforcement in adult males; reinforced (R) responses were significantly higher than non-reinforced (NR) (^**, p < 0.001) and saline-pretreated reinforced responses (⁺⁺⁺, p < 0.001). Saline-treated adolescents males had significantly higher reinforced responses than saline-treated adult males (^†††, p < 0.001). (B) Male and female adolescent rats find EtOH+Nic reinforcing regardless of pretreatment; Reinforced (R) responses were significantly higher than non-reinforced (NR; ^**, p < 0.01; ^*, p < 0.05). No effect of norBNI was observed in females, n = 7–13/group.