Table 2.

Characterization of the effects of insulin and hypertonicity

Parameter	Insulin	Hypertonic sucrose	Reference
Gain in surface GLUT4	Yes	Yes	Li et al. (2001)
Increased GLUT4 recycling	Yes	Yes	Foster et al. (2001), present study
Reduced GLUT4 internalization	No	Yes	Li et al. (2001)
PI 3-kinase activation	Yes	No	Li et al. (2001)
Inhibition by WM, LY294002	Yes	No	Li et al. (2001)
p-Akt	Yes	No	Li et al. (2001)
p-Tyr	Yes	Yes	Li et al. (2001)
Actin remodeling	Yes	No	Khayat et al. (2000), Tong et al. (2001), our unpublished data
GLUT4 colocalization with actin mesh	Yes	nd	Khayat et al. (2000)
Inhibition by actin filament disrupting agents	Full (100%)	Partial (20%)	Present study
Tetanus toxin sensitivity	Yes	No	Randhawa et al. (2000) Li et al. (2001)
VAMP2 rescue	Yes	nd	Randhawa et al. (2000)
VAMP3 rescue	No	nd	Randhawa et al. (2000)
NSF-dependence	Yes	Yes	Present study
TI-VAMP requirement	Partial (30%)	Yes	Present study

nd = not determined.