TABLE 1.
Baseline population characteristics by energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index quartile, Multiethnic Cohort, 1993–20101
| Characteristic | Quartile 1 (−6.64 to −3.66)2(n = 47,734) | Quartile 2 (−3.65 to −2.32)(n = 47,736) | Quartile 3 (−2.31 to −0.53)(n = 47,732) | Quartile 1 (−6.64 to −3.66)2(n = 47,761) |
| Categorical characteristics | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| M | 14,955 (17) | 18,595 (22) | 23,570 (27) | 28,790 (34) |
| F | 32,779 (31) | 29,141 (28) | 24,162 (23) | 18,971 (18) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||
| White | 12,068 (26) | 12,568 (27) | 11,211 (24) | 11,147 (23) |
| African American | 8139 (25) | 8228 (25) | 8134 (25) | 8272 (25) |
| Japanese American | 14,796 (27) | 12,123 (22) | 12,692 (24) | 14,348 (27) |
| Latino | 9844 (23) | 12,033 (28) | 12,453 (28) | 9161 (21) |
| Native Hawaiian | 2887 (21) | 2784 (20) | 3242 (24) | 4833 (35) |
| Education | ||||
| Less than high school | 8180 (24) | 9078 (27) | 9340 (27) | 7471 (22) |
| High school or vocational | 15,417 (24) | 15,111 (23) | 16,031 (25) | 17,957 (28) |
| Some college | 9941 (25) | 9914 (24) | 9912 (24) | 10,761 (27) |
| College graduate | 6640 (26) | 6406 (25) | 6244 (24) | 6496 (25) |
| Graduate school | 6989 (29) | 6652 (28) | 5650 (24) | 4586 (19) |
| Missing | 567 (26) | 575 (26) | 555 (25) | 490 (22) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Married or living with partner | 30,821 (24) | 31,361 (25) | 32,178 (26) | 31,922 (25) |
| Separated, widowed, or divorced | 13,441 (27) | 13,021 (26) | 12,015 (24) | 11,998 (24) |
| Never married | 3055 (24) | 2948 (23) | 3129 (25) | 3493 (28) |
| Missing | 417 (26) | 406 (26) | 410 (26) | 348 (22) |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Current | 3936 (13) | 5498 (18) | 7795 (26) | 12,985 (43) |
| Former | 18,177 (24) | 18,680 (25) | 19,504 (26) | 18,617 (25) |
| Never | 24,783 (30) | 22,716 (27) | 19,702 (24) | 15,637 (19) |
| Missing | 838 (29) | 842 (29) | 731 (25) | 522 (18) |
| Location | ||||
| Hawaii | 23,302 (26) | 21,397 (23) | 21,378 (23) | 25,070 (28) |
| Los Angeles | 24,432 (25) | 26,339 (26) | 26,354 (26) | 22,691 (23) |
| Supplement use3 | ||||
| Yes | 28,071 (30) | 24,958 (27) | 21,660 (23) | 17,717 (19) |
| No | 19,663 (20) | 22,778 (23) | 26,072 (26) | 30,044 (30) |
| Family history of colon cancer | ||||
| Yes | 4155 (28) | 3750 (25) | 3589 (24) | 3511 (23) |
| No or unknown | 43,579 (25) | 43,986 (25) | 44,143 (25) | 44,250 (25) |
| Past heart attack | ||||
| Yes | 4419 (28) | 4189 (26) | 3894 (24) | 3474 (22) |
| No | 43,315 (25) | 43,547 (25) | 43,838 (25) | 44,287 (25) |
| Past diabetes diagnosis | ||||
| Yes | 6948 (31) | 5882 (26) | 5467 (24) | 4136 (18) |
| No | 40,786 (24) | 41,854 (25) | 42,265 (25) | 43,625 (26) |
| Past asthma diagnosis | ||||
| Yes | 13,081 (26) | 12,766 (25) | 12,333 (25) | 12,005 (24) |
| No | 34,653 (25) | 34,970 (25) | 35,399 (25) | 35,756 (25) |
| Estrogen use | ||||
| Current | 9785 (34) | 8360 (29) | 6503 (22) | 4406 (15) |
| Former | 6343 (34) | 5257 (29) | 3907 (21) | 2875 (16) |
| Never | 15,605 (29) | 14,574 (27) | 12,992 (24) | 11,170 (21) |
| Missing | 1046 (32) | 950 (29) | 760 (23) | 520 (16) |
| Progesterone use | ||||
| Current | 4216 (34) | 3704 (29) | 2830 (22) | 1884 (15) |
| Former | 3175 (33) | 2690 (28) | 2095 (22) | 1551 (16) |
| Never | 13,809 (32) | 12,157 (28) | 9775 (23) | 7384 (17) |
| Missing | 11,579 (29) | 10,590 (27) | 9462 (24) | 8152 (20) |
| Aspirin use | ||||
| Current | 9741 (25) | 9723 (25) | 9614 (25) | 9433 (24) |
| Former | 7944 (24) | 8583 (26) | 8637 (26) | 8295 (25) |
| Never | 27,903 (25) | 27,368 (25) | 27,557 (25) | 28,418 (26) |
| Missing | 2146 (28) | 2062 (27) | 1924 (25) | 1615 (21) |
| Continuous characteristics | ||||
| Age at entry, y | 62.0 ± 8.5 | 60.8 ± 8.7 | 59.5 ± 8.8 | 57.4 ± 8.8 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 26.0 ± 4.9 | 26.5 ± 5.0 | 26.8 ± 5.1 | 27.0 ± 5.3 |
1
Categorical characteristic values are n (%) and continuous characteristic values are mean ± SD, n = 190,963. Column percentages may not equal 100% due to rounding. P values for categorical variables were based on chi-square tests, and those for continuous measures were based on a trend test with the use of general linear models. P < 0.01 for all comparisons across quartiles.
2
Quartile 1 = most anti-inflammatory; quartile 4 = most proinflammatory.
3
Defined as long-term supplement use for ≥1 y.