TABLE 2.
Association between socioeconomic characteristics and behavioral factors with HAZs in Bangladesh and Vietnam1
| Bangladesh |
Vietnam |
|||||
| Characteristics | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
| Age | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00)* | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00) | −0.01 (−0.01, 0.00)* | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.00 (−0.01, 0.01) |
| Boys | 0.02 (−0.04, 0.09) | −0.01 (−0.08, 0.07) | 0.01 (−0.06, 0.08) | 0.00 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.12)* | 0.01 (−0.05, 0.06) |
| Year (2014) | 0.09 (−0.00, 0.19)† | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.17)† | 0.08 (−0.01, 0.18)† | 0.14 (0.05, 0.24)** | −0.02 (−0.11, 0.06) | 0.07 (−0.04, 0.17) |
| Program intervention | −0.03 (−0.13, 0.06) | −0.01 (−0.12, 0.10) | 0.00 (−0.09, 0.09) | −0.03 (−0.14, 0.08) | −0.09 (−0.21, 0.04) | −0.04 (0.14, 0.07) |
| Program × year | −0.03 (−0.18, 0.12) | −0.11 (−0.27, 0.05) | −0.12 (−0.28, 0.04) | 0.02 (−0.12, 0.16) | 0.08 (−0.08, 0.23) | 0.03 (−0.11, 0.17) |
| Children aged <5 y | −0.31 (−0.46–0.17)*** | — | −0.29 (−0.43, −0.15)*** | −0.17 (−0.27, −0.08)** | — | −0.17 (−0.26, −0.07)** |
| SES index | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06)*** | — | 0.04 (0.02, 0.05)*** | 0.05 (0.03, 0.06)*** | — | 0.04 (0.03, 0.06)*** |
| Household food insecurity | −0.16 (−0.25, −0.07)** | — | −0.11 (−0.20, −0.02* | −0.08 (−0.15, 0.00)† | — | −0.07 (−0.14, 0.01)† |
| Maternal education | 0.03 (0.02, 0.04)*** | — | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)** | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)** | — | 0.02 (0.01, 0.03)** |
| Maternal height | 0.06 (0.05, 0.07)*** | — | 0.05 (0.05, 0.06)*** | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06)*** | — | 0.06 (0.05, 0.06)*** |
| Child birth weight | 0.13 (0.08, 0.18)*** | — | 0.12 (0.07, 0.17)*** | 0.42 (0.35, 0.50)*** | — | 0.42 (0.34, 0.49)*** |
| Hygiene | — | 0.06 (0.06, 0.08)*** | 0.03 (0.02, 0.05)*** | — | 0.05 (0.04, 0.07)*** | 0.03 (0.01, 0.04)*** |
| Prenatal visit (≥4 times) | — | 0.03 (0.01, 0.05)* | 0.01 (−0.01, 0.02) | — | 0.17 (0.11, 0.24)*** | 0.08 (0.01, 0.14)* |
| Knowledge of IYCF | — | 0.05 (0.03, 0.08)*** | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06)* | — | 0.02 (0.00, 0.04)* | 0.00 (−0.02, 0.02) |
| Child dietary diversity | — | 0.08 (0.04, 0.12)*** | 0.04 (−0.00, 0.07)† | — | 0.02 (−0.00, 0.05)† | −0.03 (−0.05, 0.01) |
| R2 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.07 | 0.24 |
| n | 4282 | 4311 | 4282 | 3699 | 4002 | 3699 |
1
All values are βs (95% CIs) unless otherwise indicated. Model 1 included underlying socioeconomic characteristics, child age, sex, time, program intervention, and interaction between time and program intervention; model 2 included behavioral factors and all other variables included in model 1; and model 3 included socioeconomic characteristics, behavioral factors, and all other variables included in model 1. †,*,**,***Significant differences: ***P < 0.001, **P < 0.01,*P < 0.05, †P < 0.10. HAZ, height-for-age z score; IYCF, infant and young child feeding; SES, socioeconomic status.