TABLE 2.

Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for food groups and risk of incident peripheral arterial disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (1987–2012)¹

	Events, n	Study participants, n	Model 12	Model 23	Model 34	Model 45
Meat, servings/d						NR
≤0.42	237	2877	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.43–0.74	307	2757	1.39 (1.17, 1.65)	1.33 (1.12, 1.58)	1.38 (1.16, 1.65)	1.30 (1.09, 1.55)
0.75–1.10	318	2805	1.40 (1.18, 1.67)	1.31 (1.10, 1.55)	1.38 (1.16, 1.65)	1.27 (1.06, 1.52)
1.11–1.56	331	2798	1.46 (1.22, 1.74)	1.33 (1.11, 1.59)	1.45 (1.20, 1.74)	1.26 (1.04, 1.52)
≥1.57	376	2845	1.60 (1.32, 1.93)	1.47 (1.22, 1.78)	1.66 (1.36, 2.03)	1.41 (1.15, 1.73)
P-trend			<0.001	<0.001	<0.001	0.009
Fish and seafood, servings/d						NR
0–0.07	314	2752	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.14	261	2429	0.96 (0.81, 1.13)	0.97 (0.82, 1.15)	0.97 (0.82, 1.15)
0.21–0.28	431	3972	0.95 (0.82, 1.11)	0.98 (0.84, 1.14)	0.97 (0.84, 1.13)
0.35–0.50	259	2291	0.99 (0.84, 1.18)	1.04 (0.88, 1.23)	1.04 (0.87, 1.23)
>0.50	304	2638	1.02 (0.87, 1.21)	1.11 (0.94, 1.31)	1.10 (0.92, 1.30)
P-trend			0.693	0.172	0.238
Poultry, servings/d						NR
0–0.07	230	1933	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.14	432	3764	0.98 (0.83, 1.15)	0.97 (0.83, 1.15)	0.96 (0.82, 1.13)
0.21–0.28	170	1581	0.95 (0.78, 1.16)	1.01 (0.83, 1.24)	1.00 (0.82, 1.23)
0.43	423	4017	0.88 (0.75, 1.04)	0.96 (0.81, 1.13)	0.95 (0.80, 1.12)
≥0.50	314	2787	1.00 (0.84, 1.20)	1.12 (0.94, 1.34)	1.12 (0.94, 1.35)
P-trend			0.545	0.272	0.274
Dairy, servings/d						NR
≤0.56	322	2613	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.57–1.13	320	2956	0.87 (0.75, 1.02)	0.93 (0.79, 1.09)	0.94 (0.80, 1.10)
1.14–1.56	307	2788	0.87 (0.74, 1.02)	0.95 (0.81, 1.12)	0.96 (0.81, 1.13)
1.57–2.49	299	2906	0.81 (0.69, 0.96)	0.89 (0.75, 1.05)	0.90 (0.76, 1.07)
≥2.50	321	2819	0.93 (0.78, 1.11)	1.03 (0.86, 1.23)	1.09 (0.90, 1.30)
P-trend			0.291	0.978	0.648
Fruits, servings/d						NR
≤0.78	328	2852	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.79–1.42	301	2750	0.95 (0.81, 1.11)	1.04 (0.89, 1.22)	1.03 (0.88, 1.21)
1.43–2.07	328	2852	0.98 (0.84, 1.15)	1.13 (0.96, 1.32)	1.13 (0.96, 1.33)
2.08–3.00	279	2792	0.81 (0.69, 0.96)	1.01 (0.85, 1.19)	1.02 (0.86, 1.21)
>3.00	333	2836	0.90 (0.77, 1.06)	1.15 (0.97, 1.36)	1.19 (1.00, 1.42)
P-trend			0.062	0.202	0.102
Vegetables, servings/d						NR
≤1.08	313	2819	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1.12–1.55	320	2819	0.99 (0.85, 1.16)	1.02 (0.87, 1.19)	1.01 (0.86, 1.19)
1.56–2.13	295	2802	0.94 (0.80, 1.11)	0.99 (0.84, 1.16)	0.99 (0.84, 1.16)
2.13–2.91	307	2825	0.95 (0.80, 1.11)	1.01 (0.85, 1.19)	1.01 (0.86, 1.20)
>2.91	334	2817	0.98 (0.83, 1.17)	1.06 (0.89, 1.26)	1.07 (0.90, 1.28)
P-trend			0.674	0.579	0.504
Whole grains, servings/d						NR
≤0.21	354	2800	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
0.28–0.80	332	2981	0.94 (0.81, 1.09)	0.99 (0.85, 1.16)	0.99 (0.85, 1.15)
0.86–1.08	275	2504	0.90 (0.77, 1.06)	1.02 (0.87, 1.20)	1.02 (0.87, 1.20)
1.14–2.00	324	3106	0.89 (0.77, 1.04)	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)	1.08 (0.92, 1.27)
>2.00	284	2691	0.89 (0.76, 1.05)	1.08 (0.92, 1.28)	1.10 (0.93, 1.31)
P-trend			0.114	0.210	0.158
Refined grains, servings/d						NR
≤1	301	2821	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1.01–1.62	292	2795	0.95 (0.81, 1.12)	0.97 (0.82, 1.14)	0.98 (0.84, 1.16)
1.63–2.35	312	2831	0.97 (0.82, 1.14)	0.98 (0.83, 1.16)	1.02 (0.86, 1.21)
2.36–3.51	321	2820	0.93 (0.78, 1.10)	0.91 (0.77, 1.08)	0.97 (0.81, 1.16)
≥3.52	343	2815	0.94 (0.78, 1.14)	0.92 (0.76, 1.11)	1.03 (0.84, 1.26)
P-trend			0.503	0.279	0.894
Nuts, servings						NR
Almost never	704	5780	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1–3/mo	435	4253	0.90 (0.79, 1.01)	0.93 (0.82, 1.05)	0.94 (0.83, 1.06)
1/wk	219	2154	0.87 (0.74, 1.01)	0.92 (0.78, 1.07)	0.93 (0.80, 1.09)
≥2/wk	211	1893	0.95 (0.81, 1.12)	1.01 (0.86, 1.19)	1.04 (0.89, 1.23)
P-trend			0.213	0.711	0.996
Coffee, servings						NR
0	439	3762	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1/mo to 6/wk	198	1937	0.89 (0.75, 1.05)	0.89 (0.75, 1.05)	0.89 (0.75, 1.06)
1/d	319	2734	0.93 (0.80, 1.07)	0.89 (0.77, 1.03)	0.89 (0.77, 1.03)
2–3/d	346	3262	0.94 (0.81, 1.09)	0.82 (0.71, 0.95)	0.83 (0.72, 0.97)
≥4/d	267	2387	1.13 (0.97, 1.33)	0.84 (0.71, 0.99)	0.84 (0.75, 1.00)
P-trend			0.348	0.009	0.014
Tea, servings						NR
Almost never	635	5378	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1/mo to 1/wk	324	3076	0.90 (0.79, 1.03)	0.94 (0.82, 1.08)	0.94 (0.82, 1.08)
2–6/wk	246	2271	0.92 (0.79, 1.07)	0.99 (0.85, 1.16)	0.99 (0.85, 1.16)
≥1/d	364	3357	0.91 (0.79, 1.04)	0.96 (0.84, 1.10)	0.96 (0.84, 1.09)
P-trend			0.101	0.550	0.529
Sugar-sweetened beverages, servings						NR
Almost never	506	4440	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1–3/mo	169	1611	0.84 (0.70, 1.00)	0.86 (0.72, 1.03)	0.87 (0.73, 1.04)
1/wk	233	2069	0.85 (0.72, 0.99)	0.89 (0.76, 1.04)	0.89 (0.76, 1.05)
2–6/wk	283	2822	0.71 (0.61, 0.82)	0.71 (0.61, 0.83)	0.74 (0.63, 0.86)
≥1/d	377	3136	0.82 (0.70, 0.95)	0.79 (0.68, 0.92)	0.86 (0.73, 1.00)
P-trend			<0.001	<0.001	0.005
Diet soda, servings						NR
Almost never	714	6365	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1/mo to 1/wk	249	2207	1.09 (0.94, 1.26)	1.21 (1.04, 1.41)	1.19 (1.02, 1.38)
2–6/wk	220	2314	0.93 (0.80, 1.09)	1.06 (0.91, 1.24)	1.02 (0.87, 1.20)
≥1/d	385	3195	1.25 (1.10, 1.42)	1.35 (1.19, 1.54)	1.31 (1.15, 1.49)
P-trend			0.007	<0.001	<0.001
Alcohol, drinks/wk						NR
0	1012	8560	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1–6	290	3291	0.85 (0.74, 0.97)	0.77 (0.67, 0.88)	0.78 (0.68, 0.89)	0.86 (0.75, 0.99)
≥7	260	2203	1.09 (0.94, 1.26)	0.84 (0.72, 0.98)	0.89 (0.76, 1.04)	1.00 (0.85, 1.18)
P-trend			0.813	0.011	0.024

¹NR, model not run.

²Adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, field center, education, height, and energy intake.

³Adjusted as for model 1 plus for physical activity, baseline smoking status, and pack-years.

⁴Adjusted as for model 2 plus for meat, dairy, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and refined grains.

⁵Adjusted as for model 3 plus for diabetes status, hypertension status, and HDL and LDL cholesterol.