TABLE 3.
Body composition and resting metabolism before and after 6 wk of consumption of a refined grain–based or whole grain–rich diet1
| Refined grain | Whole grain | P 2 | ||||||||
| n | Week 23 | ΔWeeks 2–84 | n | Week 23 | ΔWeeks 2–84 | β ± SE5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Body weight, kg | 40 | 75.4 ± 12.0 | −0.5 (−1.1, 0.1) | 41 | 74.7 ± 12.4 | −0.1 (−0.6, 0.5) | 0.4 ± 0.4 | 0.27 | 0.26 | — |
| Body fat, % | 40 | 30.8 ± 8.8 | −0.9 (−1.6, −0.2) | 41 | 31.2 ± 8.6 | −0.2 (−0.9, 0.5) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.15 | 0.13 | 0.28 |
| Fat mass, kg | 40 | 23.2 ± 7.3 | −0.8 (−1.4, −0.2) | 41 | 23.6 ± 8.5 | −0.1 (−0.7, 0.5) | 0.7 ± 0.4 | 0.11 | 0.08 | 0.19 |
| Fat-free mass, kg | 40 | 52.2 ± 10.9 | 0.3 (−0.1, 0.7) | 41 | 51.1 ± 9.2 | 0.1 (−0.4, 0.5) | −0.3 ± 0.3 | 0.43 | 0.40 | 0.20 |
| WC, cm | 39 | 89.3 ± 10.9 | −0.2 (−1.2, 0.8) | 41 | 89.6 ± 11.8 | −0.6 (−1.4, 0.2) | −0.03 ± 0.6 | 0.58 | 0.60 | 0.21 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 39 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | 41 | 0.9 ± 0.1 | −0.001 (−0.01, 0.01) | 0.0 ± 0.01 | 0.99 | 0.92 | 0.93 |
| RMR, kcal/d | 38 | 1407 ± 272 | −17 (−50, 15) | 40 | 1406 ± 262 | 26 (−16, 68) | 43 ± 25 | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.04 |
| Adjusted RMR,6 kcal/d | 38 | 1405 ± 122 | −28 (−60, 4) | 40 | 1437 ± 139 | 6 (−36, 47) | 48 ± 23 | 0.04 | — | — |
| RQ | 38 | 0.83 ± 0.05 | 0.01 (−0.003, 0.03) | 40 | 0.82 ± 0.04 | 0.01 (−0.005, 0.03) | −0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.12 |
1
There were no significant differences during week 2. RMR, resting metabolic rate; RQ, respiratory quotient; WC, waist circumference.
2
Determined with the use of an ANCOVA. Model 1 was adjusted for the baseline value of the outcome; model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for age, sex, and baseline BMI; and model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and for weight change.
3
All values are means ± SDs.
4
All values are means (95% CIs).
5
Obtained from model 1 with refined grain as the reference group.
6
Adjusted for age, sex, fat mass, and fat-free mass with the use of the residual method.