TABLE 5.
Glycemic control before and after 6 wk of consumption of a refined grain–based or whole grain–rich diet1
| Refined grain | Whole grain | P 2 | ||||||||
| n | Week 23 | ΔWeeks 2–84 | n | Week 23 | ΔWeeks 2–84 | β ± SE5 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
| Fasting serum measure | ||||||||||
| Glucose, mg/dL | 40 | 91 ± 11 | 1 (−3, 4) | 40 | 91 ± 10 | −2 (−4, 1) | −2.0 ± 2.1 | 0.36 | 0.47 | 0.52 |
| Insulin, μU/mL | 40 | 9.5 (6.4) | −0.6 (−1.3, 1.2) | 40 | 8.5 (5.5) | −0.8 (−2.3, 0.7) | −0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.37 |
| HOMA-IR | 40 | 2.3 (1.5) | 0.02 (−0.4, 0.4) | 40 | 2.4 (1.4) | −0.2 (−0.6, 0.2) | −0.2 ± 0.3 | 0.36 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
| QUICKI6 | 40 | 0.35 ± 0.04 | 0 (−0.01, 0.01) | 40 | 0.35 ± 0.03 | 0.01 (0.001, 0.01) | 0.01 ± 0.07 | 0.26 | 0.31 | 0.29 |
| 24-h continuous glucose monitoring | ||||||||||
| 24-h mean, mg/dL | 17 | 97 ± 11 | 2 (−3, 7) | 17 | 100 ± 10 | 3 (−4, 10) | 2.0 ± 3.8 | 0.61 | 0.53 | 0.62 |
| 24-h CV, % | 17 | 11.1 (9.5) | 1.2 (−2.4, 4.8) | 17 | 14.6 (5.1) | 0.3 (−4.0, 4.6) | 1.5 ± 2.0 | 0.46 | 0.42 | 0.60 |
| 24-h SD, mg/dL | 17 | 10.6 (11.2) | 1.7 (−2.2, 5.5) | 17 | 14.9 (5.7) | 1.0 (−2.9, 5.0) | 1.0 ± 2.4 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.77 |
| AUC, h × mg/dL | 17 | 2333 ± 253 | 50 (−67, 167) | 17 | 2393 ± 237 | 71 (−100, 242) | 48 ± 92 | 0.60 | 0.54 | 0.62 |
| Oral-glucose-tolerance test | ||||||||||
| Matsuda index | 13 | 6.7 ± 3.1 | 0.2 (−0.7, 1.2) | 8 | 7.4 ± 4.1 | −0.9 (−3.2, 1.4) | −0.9 ± 0.8 | 0.28 | 0.52 | 0.44 |
1
There were no significant differences during week 2.
2
Determined with the use of an ANCOVA. Model 1 was adjusted for the baseline value of the outcome; model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for age, sex, and baseline BMI; and model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and for weight change.
3
Values are means ± SDs or medians (IQRs).
4
All values are means (95% CIs).
5
Obtained from model 1 with refined grain as the reference group.
6
QUICKI, quantitative insulin-sensitivity check index.