TABLE 10.

LPS-induced cytokine production of participants at baseline (week 2) and follow-up (week 8)¹

	RG group				WG group
Measure	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔRG	P	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔWG	P	ΔWG − ΔRG	P
IFN-γ, pg/mL	3015 ± 473	1888 ± 290	−1127 ± 449	0.0004	3006 ± 619	2461 ± 567	−545 ± 243	0.07	582 ± 507	0.17
IL-10, pg/mL	743 ± 68	809 ± 74	66 ± 60	0.07	724 ± 56	747 ± 55	23 ± 36	0.43	−42 ± 69	0.46
TNF-α, pg/mL	15,319 ± 1305	12,915 ± 1109	−2404 ± 1103	0.005	16,276 ± 1307	16,003 ± 1408	−273 ± 868	0.97	2131 ± 1399	0.04
IL-1β, pg/mL	1392 ± 106	1244 ± 99	−148 ± 91	0.02	1662 ± 147	1521 ± 131	−141 ± 105	0.44	6 ± 139	0.26
IL-6, pg/mL	3711 ± 318	3339 ± 264	−372 ± 202	0.05	3530 ± 255	3367 ± 240	−164 ± 191	0.45	209 ± 278	0.38
IL-8, pg/mL	54,247 ± 5298	66,556 ± 8977	12,310 ± 5603	0.04	72,232 ± 9921	76,619 ± 10,901	4386 ± 6115	0.27	−7923 ± 8304	0.46

¹All values are means ± SEMs. n = 40 in the RG group, and n = 41 in the WG group. There were no differences between groups at baseline. P values were obtained with the use of an ANCOVA and controlling for the baseline measure, BMI, age, and sex. IFN-γ, interferon γ RG, refined grain; WG, whole grain.