TABLE 7.

Stool water cytokine concentrations of participants at baseline (week 2) and follow-up (week 8)¹

	RG group				WG group
Measure	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔRG	P	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔWG	P	ΔWG − ΔRG	P
IFN-γ, pg/mL	0.37 ± 0.19	0.21 ± 0.06	−0.16 ± 0.16	0.63	0.14 ± 0.03	0.24 ± 0.14	0.10 ± 0.15	0.61	0.27 ± 0.22	0.97
IL-17, pg/mL	1.72 ± 0.73	3.17 ± 1.80	1.46 ± 1.08	0.22	1.32 ± 0.298	1.51 ± 0.23	0.19 ± 0.18	0.16	−1.27 ± 1.11	0.88
TNF-α, pg/mL	1.76 ± 0.31	2.11 ± 0.38	0.35 ± 0.29	0.54	2.76 ± 0.52	2.63 ± 0.47	−0.14 ± 0.60	0.74	−0.49 ± 0.63	0.82
IL-6, pg/mL	0.34 ± 0.13	0.29 ± 0.08	−0.05 ± 0.12	0.09	0.603 ± 0.23	0.43 ± 0.15	−0.17 ± 0.17	0.14	−0.12 ± 0.20	0.89
TGF-β, pg/mL	0.02 ± 0.01b	0.08 ± 0.06	0.06 ± 0.06	0.83	0.097 ± 0.04c	0.18 ± 0.09	0.09 ± 0.08	0.07	0.03 ± 0.10	0.25

¹All values are means ± SEMs. n = 19–39 in the RG group, and n = 18–38 in the WG group. There were differences between groups at baseline. P values were obtained with the use of an ANCOVA and controlling for the baseline measure, BMI, age, and sex. IFN-γ, interferon γ RG, refined grain; TGF-β, transforming growth factor β WG, whole grain.