TABLE 9.

Immune cell phenotype of participants at baseline (week 2) and follow-up (week 8)¹

	RG group				WG group
Cell type	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔRG	P	Baseline	Follow-up	ΔWG	P	ΔWG − ΔRG	P
Total T cells, %	66.03 ± 1.78	63.36 ± 2.89	−2.67 ± 3.47	0.71	62.42 ± 2.14	66.60 ± 1.43	4.18 ± 2.21	0.30	6.86 ± 4.11	0.33
Total effector memory, %	18.92 ± 1.71	16.92 ± 1.42	−2.00 ± 1.69	0.11	21.12 ± 1.55	21.80 ± 2.01	0.68 ± 1.62	0.45	2.68 ± 2.33	0.03
CM, %	19.79 ± 1.71	22.55 ± 2.18	2.51 ± 2.17	0.29	21.21 ± 2.31	19.16 ± 1.71	−2.05 ± 2.58	0.39	−4.55 ± 3.39	0.18
TEM, %	28.31 ± 2.14	26.61 ± 2.26	−1.70 ± 2.47	0.57	27.16 ± 1.74	30.02 ± 2.70	2.86 ± 3.11	0.29	4.56 ± 4.01	0.26
Naive, %	35.67 ± 2.09	38.52 ± 3.08	2.85 ± 3.11	0.33	36.79 ± 2.78	35.74 ± 2.63	−1.10 ± 2.09	0.77	−3.94 ± 3.71	0.37
CD4, %	47.93 ± 1.96	49.95 ± 1.79	2.02 ± 1.56	0.11	47.49 ± 1.75	47.10 ± 1.80	−0.39 ± 1.19	0.72	−2.4 ± 1.95	0.16
CD4 CM, %	19.96 ± 3.56	16.53 ± 3.35	−3.64 ± 3.52	0.58	15.16 ± 3.19	15.32 ± 3.39	0.17 ± 4.02	0.62	3.81 ± 5.36	0.96
CD4 EM, %	19.64 ± 1.62	17.38 ± 1.72	−1.62 ± 1.27	0.17	21.03 ± 1.62	21.61 ± 1.72	0.61 ± 1.73	0.49	2.23 ± 2.15	0.14
CD4 TEM, %	26.92 ± 3.77	28.74 ± 3.52	2.56 ± 3.06	0.39	26.31 ± 2.84	30.81 ± 3.01	4.50 ± 3.55	0.12	1.94 ± 4.70	0.63
CD4 naive, %	34.15 ± 2.36	38.93 ± 2.71	4.78 ± 2.53	0.08	37.60 ± 2.26	35.39 ± 2.21	−2.21 ± 2.10	0.54	−6.99 ± 3.28	0.10
CD8, %	19.24 ± 1.43	19.15 ± 1.37	0.18 ± 1.12	0.59	17.77 ± 1.06	16.93 ± 0.97	−0.84 ± 0.73	0.18	−1.02 ± 1.33	0.19
CD8 CM, %	20.06 ± 2.13	19.98 ± 2.13	−0.18 ± 2.44	0.97	20.17 ± 2.03	21.32 ± 2.21	1.14 ± 2.16	0.63	1.32 ± 3.25	0.76
CD8 EM, %	19.63 ± 1.65	20.15 ± 1.80	0.74 ± 1.77	0.87	18.99 ± 1.93	20.58 ± 2.16	1.59 ± 2.52	0.58	0.86 ± 3.11	0.79
CD8 TEM, %	30.07 ± 2.83	29.46 ± 2.89	−0.99 ± 2.65	0.80	31.02 ± 2.63	29.18 ± 2.85	−1.84 ± 3.28	0.41	−0.85 ± 4.24	0.70
CD8 naive, %	29.62 ± 2.02	30.20 ± 2.48	0.87 ± 2.15	0.89	29.81 ± 2.24	28.46 ± 1.95	−1.36 ± 1.90	0.66	−2.22 ± 2.87	0.69
B cells, %	10.28 ± 0.86	10.54 ± 1.06	0.26 ± 1.06	0.94	11.59 ± 0.69	11.87 ± 0.69	0.48 ± 0.54	0.32	0.22 ± 1.21	0.44
NK cells, %	6.43 ± 0.77	6.29 ± 0.63	−0.14 ± 0.66	0.20	5.66 ± 0.67	5.93 ± 0.78	0.19 ± 0.55	0.47	0.33 ± 0.86	0.70
NK T cells, %	1.11 ± 0.92	0.38 ± 0.14	−0.73 ± 0.92	0.77	0.38 ± 0.14	0.59 ± 0.36	0.21 ± 0.39	0.51	0.94 ± 1.00	0.79
CD4/CD25+, %	14.49 ± 0.69	12.50 ± 0.69	−1.99 ± 0.82	0.004	14.58 ± 0.85	13.94 ± 0.60	−0.65 ± 0.83	0.37	1.34 ± 1.23	0.11

¹All values are means ± SEMs. n = 38–40 in the RG group, and n = 41 in the WG group. There were no differences between groups at baseline. P values were obtained with the use of an ANCOVA and controlling for the baseline measure, BMI, age, and sex. CM, central memory; EM, effector memory; NK, natural killer; RG, refined grain; TEM, terminal effector memory; WG, whole grain.