TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics in the SCHS in the highest compared with the lowest categories of total whole-fruit consumption1
| Total whole-fruit consumption |
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| Men (n = 19,409) |
Women (n = 26,002) |
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| Characteristic | <1 serving/wk | ≥3 servings/d | <1 serving/wk | ≥3 servings/d |
| Participants, n | 1194 | 1634 | 1545 | 1666 |
| Total fruit intake,2 servings/wk | 0.0 | 25.5 | 0.2 | 25.1 |
| Age, y | 57 (50–63)3 | 53 (48–59) | 59 (52–65) | 52 (48–58) |
| Dialect group, n (%) | ||||
| Cantonese | 381 (31.9) | 870 (53.2) | 543 (35.2) | 945 (56.7) |
| Hokkien | 813 (68.1) | 764 (46.8) | 1002 (64.9) | 721 (43.3) |
| Education, n (%) | ||||
| No formal education | 250 (20.9) | 88 (5.4) | 980 (63.4) | 377 (22.6) |
| Primary school education | 705 (59.1) | 691 (42.3) | 454 (29.4) | 677 (40.6) |
| Secondary school or higher | 239 (20.0) | 855 (52.3) | 111 (7.2) | 612 (36.7) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 22.7 (20.3–23.3) | 23.1 (21.6–25.2) | 23.3 (21.3–23.8) | 23.2 (21.1–25.0) |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 749 (62.7) | 386 (23.6) | 254 (16.4) | 39 (2.3) |
| Any alcohol consumption, n (%) | 482 (40.4) | 537 (32.9) | 142 (9.2) | 193 (11.6) |
| Physical activity, n (%) | ||||
| No moderate or vigorous activity | 833 (69.8) | 724 (44.3) | 1323 (85.6) | 1058 (63.5) |
| <4 h moderate activity/wk and <2 h vigorous activity/wk | 144 (12.1) | 391 (23.9) | 114 (7.4) | 336 (20.2) |
| ≥4 h moderate activity/wk and ≥2 h vigorous activity/wk | 217 (18.2) | 519 (31.8) | 108 (7.0) | 272 (16.3) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 183 (15.3) | 386 (23.6) | 270 (17.5) | 314 (18.9) |
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | 1421 (1122–1811) | 2142 (1728–2597) | 1075 (881–1346) | 1744 (1446–2074) |
| Total vegetable intake, g/1000 kcal | 56.9 (38.3–81.1) | 87.2 (63.9–120.4) | 79.5 (54.3–110.9) | 108.0 (80.6–147.5) |
| Unsweetened soy intake, servings/1000 kcal | 0.10 (0.04–0.20) | 0.14 (0.07–0.26) | 0.13 (0.06–0.23) | 0.17 (0.10–0.29) |
| Saturated fat intake,4 % of kcal | 8.6 ± 2.7 | 8.6 ± 2.5 | 8.9 ± 2.8 | 8.9 ± 2.5 |
| Dairy product intake, g/1000 kcal | 8.8 (1.6–28.2) | 15.3 (4.5–42.0) | 11.0 (1.4–31.7) | 21.0 (5.9–104.6) |
| Soft drink consumer, n (%) | 252 (21.1) | 515 (31.5) | 261 (16.9) | 412 (24.7) |
| Coffee drinker, n (%) | 1010 (84.6) | 1325 (81.1) | 1284 (83.1) | 1310 (78.6) |
| Green or black tea drinker, n (%) | 592 (49.6) | 1230 (75.3) | 497 (32.2) | 1074 (64.5) |
| Fruit- and vegetable-juice intake, n (%) | ||||
| Never or rarely | 991 (83.0) | 858 (52.5) | 1347 (87.2) | 905 (54.3) |
| <1 serving/wk | 79 (6.6) | 178 (10.9) | 100 (6.5) | 212 (12.7) |
| 1 serving/wk | 64 (5.4) | 252 (15.4) | 54 (3.5) | 205 (12.3) |
| ≥2 servings/wk | 60 (5.0) | 346 (21.2) | 44 (2.9) | 344 (20.7) |
1
SCHS, Singapore Chinese Health Study.
2
All values are medians.
3
Median; IQR in parentheses (all such values).
4
All values are means ± SDs.