TABLE 2.
Type 2 diabetes risk across categories of increasing total whole-fruit consumption stratified by sex in the SCHS1
| Total whole-fruit consumption |
|||||||||
| <1 serving/wk | 1 serving/wk | 2–3 servings/wk | 4–6 servings/wk | 1 serving/d | 2 servings/d | ≥3 servings/d | Per 3 servings/wk2 | P-trend | |
| All | |||||||||
| Intake, servings/wk | 0.13 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 9.6 | 16.6 | 25.3 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years, n | 288/29,373 | 247/23,218 | 675/57,797 | 1051/98,594 | 1832/178,751 | 726/70,869 | 388/36,139 | — | — |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (reference)4 | 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) | 1.21 (1.05, 1.38) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.25) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.20) | 1.06 (0.92, 1.22) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.29) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.43 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.09 (0.92, 1.29) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.20) | 1.07 (0.93, 1.24) | 1.07 (0.92, 1.26) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.34 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.30) | 1.15 (1.00, 1.32) | 1.11 (0.98, 1.27) | 1.06 (0.93, 1.21) | 1.08 (0.93, 1.25) | 1.08 (0.91, 1.27) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.37 |
| Men | |||||||||
| Intake, servings/wk | 0.0 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 9.7 | 16.7 | 25.5 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years, n | 107/12,608 | 80/9461 | 244/22,388 | 424/39,741 | 773/75,903 | 350/31,718 | 217/17,429 | — | — |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (0.75, 1.33) | 1.29 (1.03, 1.62) | 1.26 (1.02, 1.56) | 1.22 (0.99, 1.49) | 1.32 (1.06, 1.64) | 1.49 (1.17, 1.89) | 1.03 (1.01, 1.04) | 0.004 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 (0.76, 1.35) | 1.25 (0.99, 1.57) | 1.25 (1.01, 1.55) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.55) | 1.34 (1.05, 1.71) | 1.01 (1.00, 1.03) | 0.14 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.56) | 1.25 (1.00, 1.54) | 1.16 (0.94, 1.43) | 1.24 (0.99, 1.56) | 1.33 (1.04, 1.71) | 1.01 (0.99, 1.03) | 0.17 |
| Women | |||||||||
| Intake, servings/wk | 0.2 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 5.5 | 9.6 | 16.6 | 25.1 | — | — |
| Cases/person-years, n | 181/16,765 | 167/13,757 | 431/35,409 | 627/58,853 | 1059/102,848 | 376/39,151 | 171/18,710 | — | — |
| Model 1 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.40) | 1.15 (0.97, 1.37) | 1.01 (0.86, 1.20) | 0.98 (0.83, 1.15) | 0.91 (0.76, 1.09) | 0.86 (0.69, 1.07) | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | <0.0015 |
| Model 2 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.13 (0.91, 1.39) | 1.10 (0.92, 1.31) | 1.03 (0.87, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.17) | 0.96 (0.80, 1.16) | 0.87 (0.70, 1.09) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.004 |
| Model 3 | 1.00 (reference) | 1.14 (0.92, 1.41) | 1.11 (0.93, 1.32) | 1.04 (0.88, 1.23) | 1.00 (0.85, 1.18) | 0.97 (0.81, 1.17) | 0.88 (0.71, 1.11) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.99) | 0.008 |
Model 1 was adjusted for age at baseline interview (years), sex, dialect group (Hokkien or Cantonese), year of baseline interview (1993–1995 or 1996–1998), and total daily energy intake (kilocalories per day). Model 2 was adjusted as for model 1 and for physical activity (no moderate, vigorous, or strenuous activity; <4 h moderate activity/wk or <2 h vigorous or strenuous activity/wk; and ≥4 h moderate activity/wk or ≥2 h vigorous or strenuous activity/wk), education (no formal education; primary school education; and secondary school, A levels, or university), smoking status (never smoker, ex-smoker, and current smoker of 1–12 or ≥13 cigarettes/d), alcohol intake (0, <5, and ≥5 g/d), and BMI (in kg/m2). Model 3 was adjusted as for model 2 and for total vegetable intake (grams per day), unsweetened soy intake (servings per day), saturated fat intake (percentage of kilocalories), dairy intake (grams per day), soft drink consumption (glasses per day), coffee intake (cups per day), black and green tea intake (cups per day), and fruit- and vegetable-juice intake (servings per day). P-interaction by sex for all models was significant (model 1: <0.001; model 2: 0.002; and model 3: 0.003). Data were analyzed with the use of Cox proportional hazards regression. Sex was not included as a covariate in sex-stratified models. SCHS, Singapore Chinese Health Study.
Estimated on the basis of every increment of 3 servings/wk.
Median (all such values).
HR; 95% CI in parentheses (all such values).
Significant after Bonferroni correction.