Table 1. Study population and sex comparison of smoking exposure-related parameters.
| Males | Females | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| N | 236 | 413 | |
| age; mean (range) | 51.0 (30.2–65.0) | 52.8(29.6–74.9) | |
| cohort | NSHDS; N | 171 | 228 |
| EPIC Italy; N | 65 | 185 | |
| BMI; mean (range) | 26.5 (19.0–39.5) | 25.4(18.8–55.28) | |
| smoking status | current smokers; N | 43 (18.2%) | 100 (24.2%) |
| former smokers; N | 102 (43.2%) | 93 (22.5%) | |
| never smokers; N | 91 (38.6%) | 220 (53.3%) | |
| duration of smoking | N | 40 | 90 |
| years, mean (s.d) | 31.8 (8.7) | 30.6 (18.1) | |
| p | 0.49 | ||
| pack-years* | N | 14 | 45 |
| mean (S.D) | 582.9 (429.0) | 356.6 (266.0) | |
| p | 0.06 | ||
| cigarettes/day | total N | 42 | 98 |
| ≤4, N | 7 (16.7%) | 24 (24.5%) | |
| 5–15, N | 17 (40.5%) | 50 (51%) | |
| ≥25, N | 18 (42.9%) | 24 (24.4%) | |
| p# | 0.2 | ||
| plasma cotinine | N | 40 | 35 |
| AUC; mean (s.d.) | 33.7 (8.7) | 28.1 (8.5) | |
| p | 0.85 | ||
*Only EPIC Italy; #chi-squared test.