Table 3. Composition of Bu-Shen-Jiang-Ya decoction.
| English name | Latin name | Chinese name | Place of production (Province) | Collecting time (Season) | Part used | Amount used (g) | TCM efficacy | Main chemical components | Pharmacological activity | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rehmannia | Radix Rehmanniae Glutinosae | Dihuang | Henan | Autumn | Root | 25 | Nourishing the liver and kidney yin and enriching blood | Rehmannia glutinosa polysaccharide, rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides, and rehmannioside | Lowering BP and improving glucose metabolism, lipid metabolism, and insulin resistance | 64,65,66,67 |
| Cornus Fruit | Corni Fructus | Shanzhuyu | Henan | Autumn | Fruit | 10 | Nourishing the liver and kidney yin, inducing astringency, and preventing prostration | Iridoid glycoside, aglycone, tannins, polysaccharide, organic acid, and ester | Lowering blood glucose, improving lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, and protecting vascular endothelial cells | 68,69,70,71,72,73 |
| Eucommia Bark | Cortex Eucommiae Ulmoidis | Duzhong | Sichuan | Summer | Bark | 10 | Nourishing the liver and kidney, strengthening muscles and bones, and soothing the fetus | Eucommia ulmoides lignans, Eucommia ulmoides iridoids, isoquercitrin, rutin, eucomman A, penylpropannoids, and quercetin | Lowering BP (NO↑, RAAS↓), reversing hypertensive vascular remodeling and hypertensive cardiac remodeling, improving lipid metabolism (HMG-CoA reductase↓, Apo I↑), lowering blood glucose, and improving insulin resistance | 74,75,76,77,78,79 |
| Gastrodia | Gastrodiae Rhizoma | Tianma | Sichuan | Spring | Tuber | 20 | Calming the liver, relieving spasm, and subduing wind | Gastrodin and polysaccharides of gastrodia rhizome | Lowering BP (PPARγ↑, RAAS↓), improving lipid metabolism (AMPK↑) and insulin resistance, and impairing vascular endothelial function (ET-1↓, eNOS↑) | 80,81,82 |
| Notoginseng Root | Notoginseng Radix | Sanqi | Yunnan | Spring | Root | 3 | Promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis, stopping bleeding, dispersing swelling, and relieving pain | Panax notoginseng saponins (Ginsenoside Rb1, R1, and Rg1, Notoginsenoside R1, etc.) | Lowering BP (PI3K/Akt/eNOS pathway↑), protecting the vascular endothelium, and improving prethrombotic state and lipid metabolism | 83,84,85 |
| Cortex of the Peony Tree Rote | Cortex Radicis Moutan | Mudanpi | Anhui | Spring | Root bark | 10 | Eliminating pathogenic heat, cooling the blood, and promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis | Paeonol | Lowering BP and heart rate, increasing the arterial blood flow, and improving glucose metabolism (AMPK↑) | 86,87,88 |
| Crataegus Fruit | Crataegi Fructus | Shanzha | Henan | Autumn | Fruit | 30 | Promoting digestion, removing food stagnation, expelling tenia, and promoting blood circulation to remove blood stasis | Hyperoside, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and herbacetin | Lowering BP and heart rate, improving lipid metabolism,and improving vascular endothelial dysfunction | 89,90,91 |
| Alisma | Rhizoma Alismatis | Zexie | Fujian | Winter | Rhizome | 30 | Inducing diuresis, excreting dampness, and clearing heat | Alisol A, alisol B, and alisol A 24-acetate | Improving lipid metabolism and lowering blood glucose (HMG-CoA reductase↓, PPARα↑, leptin↓) | 92,93 |
Abbreviations: ↑: up-regulation; ↓: down-regulation; AMPK: phosphorylated AMP activated protein kinase; Ang II: Angiotensin II; Apo: apolipoprotein; BP: blood pressure; eNOS: endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET: endothelin; HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl coenzyme A; NO: nitric oxide; PPARγ: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ; RAAS: renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system; TCM: traditional Chinese medicine.