Table 4.
Factors associated with increased likelihood of poor metabolic control (HbA1c > =8.0%)
| Covariates a | Categories | Men | Women | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95%CI | OR | 95%CI | ||
| AGE by 5 years | 0.97 | 0.95–0.99 | 0.98 | 0.96–1.00 | |
| School education | High school or university | 0.87 | 0.80–0.95 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.03 |
| Middle school | 0.95 | 0.87–1.03 | 0.94 | 0.84–1.05 | |
| Primary school | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| Living status | Spouse / sons | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - |
| Alone | 0.89 | 0.77–1.03 | 1.08 | 0.97–1.22 | |
| Other | 1.01 | 0.88–1.15 | 1.14 | 0.93–1.39 | |
| Smoker | Ex | 0.99 | 0.92–1.07 | 1.05 | 0.94–1.17 |
| Yes | 0.97 | 0.89–1.07 | 1.03 | 0.89–1.20 | |
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| BMI | 0–27.0 | 0.91 | 0.84–0.99 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.03 |
| 27.1–30.0 | 0.89 | 0.82–0.97 | 0.91 | 0.82–1.01 | |
| >30.0 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| Diabetes duration | <=5.0 years | 1.31 | 1.20–1.43 | 1.33 | 1.20–1.48 |
| 5.1–10.0 years | 1.26 | 1.15–1.38 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.26 | |
| >10.0 years | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| Treatment class | OHAs + insulin | 1.31 | 1.20–1.43 | 1.33 | 1.20–1.48 |
| Insulin only | 1.26 | 1.15–1.38 | 1.13 | 1.01–1.26 | |
| OHAs only | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| No. of diabetes complications | > = 1 | 0.94 | 0.87–1.01 | 0.94 | 0.86–1.03 |
| 0 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| SF12 – PCS | Tertile 1 | 1.04 | 0.95–1.14 | 0.98 | 0.88–1.09 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.01 | 0.93–1.10 | 0.93 | 0.84–1.02 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| WHO-5 | <=28 | 1.03 | 0.92–1.16 | 1.01 | 0.92–1.12 |
| >28 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| DES | Tertile 1 | 1.09 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.20 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.00 | 0.92–1.08 | 0.91 | 0.82–1.00 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| PAID-5 > 40 | Yes | 1.00 | 0.93–1.08 | 1.15 | 1.05–1.25 |
| No | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| GSDT | Tertile 1 | 1.24 | 0.93–1.65 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.33 |
| Tertile 2 | 1.09 | 0.99–1.19 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.20 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.00 | 0.92–1.08 | 0.91 | 0.82–1.00 | |
| PACIC | Tertile 1 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | 0.87 | 0.77–1.00 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.94 | 0.87–1.03 | 0.92 | 0.82–1.02 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| HCCQ | Tertile 1 | 0.93 | 0.87–1.00 | 1.08 | 0.98–1.18 |
| Tertile 2–3 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
| PSS | Tertile 1 | 1.02 | 0.93–1.11 | 1.02 | 0.91–1.13 |
| Tertile 2 | 0.99 | 0.92–1.07 | 1.00 | 0.90–1.12 | |
| Tertile 3 | 1.00 | - | 1.00 | - | |
a Covariates tested in the fully adjusted model: Age, school education, living status, smoking, BMI, diabetes duration, glucose-lowering treatment class, presence of diabetes complications, PAID-5 > 40, WHO-5 < =28, and tertiles of SF12 – PCS, DES, GSDT, PACIC, HCCQ, and PSS. Tertiles were identified separately for men and women. Tertiles 2 and 3 coincided for HCCQ scores in both genders due to the extreme skewness of the distribution. Covariates related to statistically significant associations in men or women are in bold