Table 1.

Countries with evidence of Zika virus infection in humans prior to 1 April 2007

		Year(s) of sera collection	Source of sample population*			Serologic test modalities*
	Number of articles reporting on country		General population	Patients at a healthcare facility	Not reported	HI	IP	NT	CF	ELISA
Africa
West/Central Africa
Angola38 83	2	1960, 1971–1972	X	X	X	X
Benin66	1	1967			X	X
Burkina Faso31 33	2	1963–1964, 1979	X	X		X
Cameroon45 46 63 90	4	1963–1966, 1971–1972, 1984	X		X	X
Central African Republic28 32 34–37 40 88 97	9	1954†, 1961–1967, 1975, 1979	X	X	X	X			X
Chad88	1	1954†			X				X
Côte d'Ivoire21 24 44 92	4	1963–1965, 1969, 1977, 1999	X	X		X		X	X	X
Gabon66 78 98	3	1967, 1975, 1979–1980		X	X	X
Guinea-Bissau43	1	1964–1965			X	X
Liberia47 66	2	1967, 1981–1982			X	X
Mali66	1	1964–1967			X	X
Niger66	1	1965			X	X
Nigeria5 26 27 29 50 62 66 68 69 84–86	12	1951–1953, 1955, 1964–1975, 1980	X	X	X	X	X		X
Republic of the Congo88	1	1954†			X				X
Senegal22 25 65 87 91	5	1962, 1965–1966, 1970–1975, 1988–1990	X		X	X	X		X	X
Sierra Leone93	1	1972			X	X
Togo66	1	1964–1966			X	X
Africa, other
Burundi94	1	1980–1982	X			X
Djibouti30	1	1991–1992		X						X
Egypt101	1	1954	X	X			X
Ethiopia74 95 99 104	4	1961–1964, 1966, 1971	X		X	X
Kenya64 72 76 104	4	1961–1962, 1966–1969	X	X	X	X
Madagascar70 71	2	1977, 1986	X		X	X
Mozambique82	1	1957			X		X
Republic of Seychelles80	1	1970†			X		X
Somalia74 76	2	1966, 1969			X	X
Sudan23	1	1976	X			X		X
Tanzania76 100 104	3	1945–1948, 1961–1962, 1967–1969		X	X	X	X
Uganda67 75–77 81 96 100 104	8	1945–1948, 1961–1962, 1967–1969, 1970, 1984		X	X	X	X
Asia
South Asia
India103	1	1952	X				X
Pakistan51	1	1979–1980		X					X
East Asia
Hong Kong79	1	1973–1977		X		X
Southeast Asia
Indonesia8 42 48	3	1973, 1977–1978	X	X		X		X
Malaysia49 89 102	3	1953–1954, 1996–1997	X		X		X	X
Philippines73	1	1953	X				X
Thailand89	1	1954	X				X
Vietnam89	1	1954		X			X
Europe
Spain39 41	2	1977†, 1980	X	X		X

*Marked if applicable to one or more studies reporting on country.

†Year of article publication for articles not reporting year(s) of sera collection.

CF, complement fixation test; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; HI, haemagglutination inhibition assay; IP, intracerebral mouse-protection test; NT, viral neutralisation antibody test (plaque reduction neutralisation test or microneutralisation).