Table 2.
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | RSE | β | RSE | β | RSE | β | RSE | |
Immigrant generation and age at migration (ref: Third-plus generation) | ||||||||
Second generation | −0.136 | (0.073) | −0.118 | (0.073) | −0.103 | (0.074) | −0.017 | (0.075) |
First generation, arrived before age 10 | −0.392*** | (0.110) | −0.367** | (0.109) | −0.370** | (0.112) | −0.281* | (0.114) |
First generation, arrived age 10–16 | −0.575*** | (0.151) | −0.560*** | (0.156) | −0.603*** | (0.158) | −0.492** | (0.162) |
Language | ||||||||
Non-English language spoken in childhood household | −0.273** | (0.086) | ||||||
Family structure and instability | ||||||||
Parental co-residence in prior yeara | ||||||||
Lived with biological mother | −0.239** | (0.089) | −0.235** | (0.089) | ||||
Lived with biological father | −0.193** | (0.069) | −0.191** | (0.069) | ||||
# changes in co-residence with mother birth-prior yeara | 0.079* | (0.038) | 0.081* | (0.037) | ||||
# changes in co-residence with father birth-prior yeara | 0.000 | (0.046) | −0.001 | (0.045) | ||||
Lived with biological father at birth | −0.088 | (0.068) | −0.092 | (0.068) | ||||
Mother was married in prior yeara | −0.187*** | (0.048) | −0.043 | (0.057) | −0.043 | (0.056) | ||
# changes in mother’s marital status birth-prior yeara | 0.149*** | (0.023) | 0.103*** | (0.026) | 0.101*** | (0.026) | ||
Controls | ||||||||
Age | 2.973*** | (0.209) | 2.953*** | (0.209 | 2.967*** | (0.210) | 2.966*** | (0.209) |
Age squared | −0.082*** | (0.007) | −0.081*** | (0.007) | −0.082*** | (0.007) | −0.082*** | (0.007) |
Age at time of first interview | 0.009 | (0.013) | 0.013 | (0.013) | 1.016 | (0.013) | 1.016 | (0.013) |
Race/ethnicity (ref: Non-Hispanic white) | ||||||||
Hispanic | −0.080 | (0.072) | −0.073 | (0.072) | −0.084 | (0.073) | 0.054 | (0.084) |
Non-Hispanic black | 0.187** | (0.055) | 0.166** | (0.056) | 0.129* | (0.057) | 0.130* | (0.057) |
Other race | −0.111 | (0.135) | −0.115 | (0.133) | −0.121 | (0.132) | −0.035 | (0.135) |
Highest completed education of resident parents (ref: High school graduate) | ||||||||
Less than high school graduate | 0.182** | (0.057) | 0.173** | (0.058) | 0.138* | (0.059) | 0.153** | (0.059) |
College graduate | −0.366*** | (0.055) | −0.295*** | (0.055) | −0.280*** | (0.055) | −0.279*** | (0.055) |
Religion (ref: Catholic) | ||||||||
Protestant | −0.089 | (0.057) | −0.121* | (0.058) | −0.127* | (0.058) | −0.155** | (0.059) |
Baptist | 0.057 | (0.068) | 0.023 | (0.069) | 0.008 | (0.069) | 0.021 | (0.069) |
None | 0.487*** | (0.076) | 0.430*** | (0.076) | 0.400*** | (0.077) | 0.382*** | (0.077) |
Other | −0.278* | (0.112) | −0.282* | (0.113) | −0.297** | (0.114) | −0.306** | (0.114) |
Parent/caregiver interview (ref: bio mother interviewed) | ||||||||
Biological father interviewed at baseline | −0.026 | (0.072) | 0.001 | (0.072) | −0.017 | (0.078) | −0.024 | (0.078) |
Other caregiver interviewed at baseline | 0.170 | (0.094) | 0.188 | (0.100) | −0.062 | (0.119) | −0.075 | (0.119) |
No parent/caregiver interview at baseline | 0.132* | (0.067) | 0.188** | (0.068) | 0.149* | (0.070) | 0.155* | (0.070) |
Intercept | −27.802*** | (1.586) | −27.663*** | (1.590) | −27.457*** | (1.595) | −27.425*** | (1.595) |
Notes: Robust standard errors (in parentheses) adjust for clustering of individuals within households.
Prior year indicates a lag of one year.
p<.05;
p< .01;
p<.001